1. Ghobrial GM, Jallo J. Thoracolumbar spine trauma: review of the evidence. J Neurosurg Sci 2013 57:115-22.
2. Ghobrial GM, Maulucci CM, Maltenfort M, et al. Operative and nonoperative adverse events in the management of traumatic fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus 2014 37:E8.
5. Wood KB, Li W, Lebl DR, et al. Management of thoracolumbar spine fractures. Spine J 2014 14:145-64.
6. Dai LY, Yao WF, Cui YM, et al. Thoracolumbar fractures in patients with multiple injuries: diagnosis and treatment-a review of 147 cases. J Trauma 2004 56:348-55.
7. O’Toole JE, Kaiser MG, Anderson PA, et al. Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma: executive summary. Neurosurgery 2019 84:2-6.
8. el-Khoury GY, Whitten CG. Trauma to the upper thoracic spine: anatomy, biomechanics, and unique imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993 160:95-102.
9. Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, et al. A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries. Eur Spine J 1994 3:184-201.
10. Kraemer WJ, Schemitsch EH, Lever J, et al. Functional outcome of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. J Orthop Trauma 1996 10:541-4.
11. Knop C, Blauth M, Bühren V, et al. Surgical treatment of injuries of the thoracolumbar transition 1: Epidemiology. Unfallchirurg 1999 102:924-35.
13. Wood K, Buttermann G, Mehbod A, et al. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture without neurological deficit. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003 85:773-81.
14. Wood KB, Buttermann GR, Phukan R, et al. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture without neurological deficit: a prospective randomized study with follow-up at sixteen to twenty-two years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015 97:3-9.
15. Karaali E, Ciloglu O, Duramaz A, et al. Management of thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score of 4 (TLICS =4) thoracolumbar vertebra fractures: surgery versus conservative treatment. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2020 26:805-10.
16. Pehlivanoglu T, Akgul T, Bayram S, et al. Conservative versus operative treatment of stable thoracolumbar burst fractures in neurologically intact patients: is there any difference regarding the clinical and radiographic outcomes? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020 45:452-8.
17. Nataraj A, Jack AS, Ihsanullah I, et al. Outcomes in thoracolumbar burst fractures with a thoracolumbar injury classification score (TLICS) of 4 treated with surgery versus initial conservative management. Clin Spine Surg 2018 31:E317-21.
18. Hitchon PW, Abode-Iyamah K, Dahdaleh NS, et al. Nonoperative management in neurologically intact thoracolumbar burst fractures: clinical and radiographic outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016 41:483-9.
20. Shamji MF, Roffey DM, Young DK, et al. A pilot evaluation of the role of bracing in stable thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit. J Spinal Disord Tech 2014 27:370-5.
21. Urquhart JC, Alrehaili OA, Fisher CG, et al. Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: extended follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing orthosis versus no orthosis. J Neurosurg Spine 2017 27:42-7.
22. Bailey CS, Urquhart JC, Dvorak MF, et al. Orthosis versus no orthosis for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurologic injury: a multicenter prospective randomized equivalence trial. Spine J 2014 14:2557-64.
23. Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1983 8:817-31.
24. Holdsworth F. Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970 52:1534-51.
25. Vaccaro AR, Zeiller SC, Hulbert RJ, et al. The thoracolumbar injury severity score: a proposed treatment algorithm. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005 18:209-15.
26. Terk MR, Hume-Neal M, Fraipont M, et al. Injury of the posterior ligament complex in patients with acute spinal trauma: evaluation by MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997 168:1481-6.
27. McAfee PC, Yuan HA, Fredrickson BE, et al. The value of computed tomography in thoracolumbar fractures. An analysis of one hundred consecutive cases and a new classification. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983 65:461-73.
28. Benson DR, Burkus JK, Montesano PX, et al. Unstable thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures treated with the AO fixateur interne. J Spinal Disord 1992 5:335-43.
29. Reid DC, Hu R, Davis LA, et al. The nonoperative treatment of burst fractures of the thoracolumbar junction. J Trauma 1988 28:1188-94.
30. Schweitzer KM, Vaccaro AR, Harrop JS, et al. Interrater reliability of identifying indicators of posterior ligamentous complex disruption when plain films are indeterminate in thoracolumbar injuries. J Orthop Sci 2007 12:437-42.
31. Lee JY, Vaccaro AR, Schweitzer KM Jr, et al. Assessment of injury to the thoracolumbar posterior ligamentous complex in the setting of normal-appearing plain radiography. Spine J 2007 7:422-7.
32. Brightman RP, Miller CA, Rea GL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of trauma to the thoracic and lumbar spine. The importance of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1992 17:541-50.
33. Emery SE, Pathria MN, Wilber RG, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of posttraumatic spinal ligament injury. J Spinal Disord 1989 2:229-33.
34. Petersilge CA, Pathria MN, Emery SE, et al. Thoracolumbar burst fractures: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1995 194:49-54.
35. Vaccaro AR, Lim MR, Hurlbert RJ, et al. Surgical decision making for unstable thoracolumbar spine injuries: results of a consensus panel review by the Spine Trauma Study Group. J Spinal Disord Tech 2006 19:1-10.
36. Andreychik DA, Alander DH, Senica KM, et al. Burst fractures of the second through fifth lumbar vertebrae. Clinical and radiographic results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996 78:1156-66.
37. Dai LY, Jiang LS, Jiang SD. Conservative treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: a long-term follow-up results with special reference to the load sharing classification. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008 33:2536-44.
38. Knight RQ, Stornelli DP, Chan DP, et al. Comparison of operative versus nonoperative treatment of lumbar burst fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993 293:112-21.
39. Moller A, Hasserius R, Redlund-Johnell I, et al. Nonoperatively treated burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine in adults: a 23- to 41-year follow-up. Spine J 2007 7:701-7.
40. Bohlman HH, Freehafer A, Dejak J. The results of treatment of acute injuries of the upper thoracic spine with paralysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985 67:360-9.
41. Pneumaticos SG, Triantafyllopoulos GK, Giannoudis PV. Advances made in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures:current trends and future directions. Injury 2013 44:703-12.
44. Bono CM, Vaccaro AR, Hurlbert RJ, et al. Validating a newly proposed classification system for thoracolumbar spine trauma: looking to the future of the thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score. J Orthop Trauma 2006 20:567-72.
46. Wang XY, Dai LY, Xu HZ. The load sharing classification of thoracolumbar fractures: an—biomechanical validation. Spine 2007 32:1214-9.
47. Dai LY, Jin WJ. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the Load Sharing Classification in the assessment of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Spine 2005 30:354-8.
48. McCormack T, Karaikovic E, Gaines RW. The load sharing classification of spine fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994 19:1741-4.
49. Vaccaro AR, Oner C, Kepler CK, et al. AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system: fracture description, neurological status, and key modifiers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013 38:2028-37.
50. Wood KB, Khanna G, Vaccaro AR, et al. Assessment of two thoracolumbar fracture classification systems as used by multiple surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005 87:1423-9.
51. Mirza SK, Mirza AJ, Chapman JR, et al. Classifications of thoracic and lumbar fractures: rationale and supporting data. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2002 10:364-77.
52. Raja Rampersaud Y, Fisher C, Wilsey J, et al. Agreement between orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons regarding a new algorithm for the treatment of thoracolumbar injuries: a multicenter reliability study. J Spinal Disord Tech 2006 19:477-82.
53. Harrop JS, Vaccaro AR, Hurlbert RJ, et al. Intrarater and interrater reliability and validity in the assessment of the mechanism of injury and integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex: a novel injury severity scoring system for thoracolumbar injuries. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting On Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2005. J Neurosurg Spine 2006 4:118-22.
54. Patel AA, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ, et al. The adoption of a new classification system: time-dependent variation in interobserver reliability of the thoracolumbar injury severity score classification system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007 32:E105-10.
56. Lenarz CJ, Place HM, Lenke LG, et al. Comparative reliability of 3 thoracolumbar fracture classification systems. J Spinal Disord Tech 2009 22:422-7.
57. Joaquim AF, de Almeida Bastos DC, Jorge Torres HH, et al. Thoracolumbar injury classification and injury severity score system: a literature review of its safety. Global Spine J 2016 6:80-5.
58. An Z, Zhu Y, Wang G, et al. Is the Thoracolumbar AOSpine Injury Score Superior to the thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score for guiding the treatment strategy of thoracolumbar spine injuries? World Neurosurg 2020 137:e493-8.
59. Yuksel MO, Gurbuz MS, Is M, et al. Is the thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS) superior to the AO thoracolumbar injury classification system for guiding the surgical management of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit? Turk Neurosurg 2018 28:94-8.
60. Verlaan JJ, Diekerhof CH, Buskens E, et al. Surgical treatment of traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a systematic review of the literature on techniques, complications, and outcome. Spine 2004 29:803-14.
62. Thomas KC, Bailey CS, Dvorak MF, et al. Comparison of operative and nonoperative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures in patients without neurological deficit: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine 2006 4:351-8.
63. Dai LY, Jiang SD, Wang XY, et al. A review of the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Surg Neurol 2007 67:221-31.
64. Siebenga J, Leferink VJ, Segers MJ, et al. Treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures: a multicenter prospective randomized study of operative versus nonsurgical treatment. Spine 2006 31:2881-90.
65. Dai LY. Remodeling of the spinal canal after thoracolumbar burst fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001 382:119-23.
66. Vaccaro AR, Lehman RA, Hurlbert RJ, et al. A new classification of thoracolumbar injuries: the importance of injury morphology, the integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex, and neurologic status. Spine 2005 30:2325-33.
67. Tsou PM, Wang J, Khoo L, et al. A thoradic and lumbar spine injury severity classification based on neurologic function grade, spinal canal deformity, and spinal biomechanical stability. Spine J 2006 6:636-47.
68. Bunge RP, Puckett WR, Becerra JL, et al. Observations on the pathology of human spinal cord injury. A review and classification of 22 new cases with details from a case of chronic cord compression with extensive focal demyelination. Adv Neurol 1993 59:75-89.
69. Hides JA, Lambrecht G, Richardson CA, et al. The effects of rehabilitation on the muscles of the trunk following prolonged bed rest. Eur Spine J 2011 20:808-18.
70. Taoka Y, Okajima K, Uchiba M, et al. Methylprednisolone reduces spinal cord injury in rats without affecting tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. J Neurotrauma 2001 18:533-43.
71. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 h or tirilazad mesylate for 48 h in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the third national acute spinal cord injury randomized controlled trial ational acute spinal cord injury study. JAMA 1997 277:1597-604.
72. Hurlbert RJ. Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: an inappropriate standard of care. J Neurosurg 2000 93(1 Suppl):1-7.
73. Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al. Questionnaire survey of spine surgeons on the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006 31:E250-3.
75. Weinstein JN, Collalto P, Lehmann TR. Thoracolumbar “burst” fractures treated conservatively: a long term followup. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1988 13:33-8.
76. Cantor JB, Lebwohl NH, Garvey T, et al. Nonoperative management of stable thoracolumbar burst fractures with early ambulation and bracing. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993 18:971-6.