Cervical trauma in children have variations from the adults mainly due to anatomic differences. An optimal diagnostic and treatment strategy is critical, particularly when there is a lack of standardized protocols for the management of such cases. This review paper examines the diagnostic and treatment options of pediatric cervical trauma and Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA). A literature search for the last 10 years were conducted using key words. Case reports, experimental studies, papers other than English language were excluded. Up-to-date information on pediatric cervical trauma and SCIWORA were reviewed and statements were produced to reach a consensus in 2 separate consensus meeting of WFNS Spine Committee. The statements were voted and reached a consensus using Delphi method. This review reflects different aspects of contemporary pediatric cervical trauma decision-making and treatment, and SCIWORA. The mainstay of SCIWORA treatment is nonsurgical with immobilization, avoidance of risky activities. Prognosis generally depends on the initial neurological status and magnetic resonance imaging. Due to a significant discrepancy in the literature on diagnostic and management, future randomized controlled trials are needed to aid in generating standardized protocols.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Nontraumatic ischemic spinal cord injury following vigorous exercise: a case report Afonso Sousa, Paula Kjöllerström, Amets Sagarribay, Jaime Pamplona, Joana Branco Emergency and Critical Care Medicine.2026; 6(1): 70. CrossRef
Evaluating National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study and Canadian C-Spine Rule Criteria and Their Clinical Impact on Cervical Spine Imaging: Best Practice Shadi Asadollahi, Parisa Arjmand, Arjun Chanmugam, Matthew Dattwyler, Caline Azzi, Mahla Radmard, David M. Yousem Radiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Neck pain in children Susan Gorman, Laura Duthie Paediatrics and Child Health.2026; 36(3): 81. CrossRef
Acute management of spinal fractures: What you need to know Michel Paul Johan Teuben, Anna Veenstra, Hans-Christoph Pape Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.2026; 100(6): 850. CrossRef
Using diffusion tensor imaging to assess children with spinal cord injury without fracture or dislocation Qunya Qi, Ling Wang, Beining Yang, Yulong Jia, Yu Wang, Haotian Xin, Xianglin Guo, Weimin Zheng, Xin Chen, Qian Chen, Fang Li, Jubao Du, Jie Lu, Nan Chen Spinal Cord.2025; 63(7): 342. CrossRef
Magnetic resonance imaging in spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in the spine in children Tolibdzhon A. Akhadov, Maxim V. Ublinskiy, Irina N. Novoselova, Olga V. Bozhko, Ilya A. Melnikov, Dmitriy M. Dmitrenko, Irina V. Ponina, Ekaterina S. Zaitseva, Elena V. Voronkova Russian Pediatric Journal.2025; 28(3): 189. CrossRef
Pediatric Spinal Imaging Joshua K. Dodderer, Janine Amirault, Joyce Li Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America.2025; 43(4): 633. CrossRef
Redefining Pediatric SCIWORA: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Clinical Patterns, Imaging Profiles, and Management Insights Davide Palombi, Marco Galeazzi, Paolo Brigato, Sergio De Salvatore, Timothée De Saint Denis, Luca Massimi, Gianpiero Tamburrini, Leonardo Oggiano Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(17): 6338. CrossRef
Establishing an Australian pediatric spinal cord disorder register using consumer, health professional, and researcher perspectives Jamie Ellis, Erin Garner, Kate E. Webster, Susan Darzins, Mary P. Galea, Adam Scheinberg The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine.2024; 47(4): 495. CrossRef
Surgical Treatment for Displaced Odontoid Synchondrosis Fracture: A Retrospective Case Series Study Shutao Gao, Chuanhui Xun, Tao Xu, Weidong Liang, Mardan Mamat, Jun Sheng, Hailong Guo, Weibin Sheng Global Spine Journal.2024; 14(7): 1937. CrossRef
SCIWORA. Una rara entidad clínica en la población pediátrica. Estudio ambispectivo L.M. Romero-Muñoz, M. Peral-Alarma, A. Barriga-Martín Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología.2024; 68(2): 151. CrossRef
[Translated article] SCIWORA in children. A rare clinical entity: Ambispective study L.M. Romero-Muñoz, M. Peral-Alarma, A. Barriga-Martín Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología.2024; 68(2): T151. CrossRef
Clinical characteristics analysis of pediatric spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality in China: a retrospective study Renfeng Liu, Qizhi Fan, Jingpeng He, Xin Wu, Wei Tan, Zuyun Yan, Weiguo Wang, Zhiyue Li, You-Wen Deng BMC Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pediatric Trauma—Not Just Little Adults-Part 2: Differences in Radiographic Workup and Management Alicia C. Greene, Sara Pettey Sandifer, Melanie Shpigel, Shawn D. Safford Current Surgery Reports.2024; 12(7): 196. CrossRef
Pediatric Trauma—Not Just Little Adults—Part 1: Differences in Physiology and Injury Patterns Alicia C. Greene, Melanie Shpigel, Sara Pettey Sandifer, Shawn D. Safford Current Surgery Reports.2024; 12(7): 186. CrossRef
Paediatric Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Current Management Chikolum Ejide, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Kokila Lakhoo Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Imaging Outcomes of MRI After CT in Pediatric Spinal Trauma: A Single-center Experience Aapo Sirén, Mikko Nyman, Johanna Syvänen, Kimmo Mattila, Jussi Hirvonen Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics.2024; 44(10): e887. CrossRef
SCIWORA (lesión de la médula espinal sin anormalidad radiográfica). Conceptos y revisión narrativa de la literatura José Rafael Calderón Varela, Luis Mario Hinojosa Martínez, Edgar Joaquín Cardeña Morales, Christian Armando Mantecón Domínguez, Andrés Villalvazo Barón Cirugía de Columna.2024; 2(3): 170. CrossRef
Unstable C2-3 Posterior Ligamentous Injury in a Pediatric Patient with Successful Nonoperative Treatment Edward R. Floyd, Kyler A. Hardie, Arnold H. Menezes, Geoffrey F. Haft JBJS Case Connector.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical characteristics and treatment of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents Jin-Zuo Wang, Ming Yang, Meng Meng, Zhong-Hai Li Chinese Journal of Traumatology.2023; 26(1): 8. CrossRef
Cervical spine flexion-extension radiography versus magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients following blunt traumatic injury Jeff F Zhang, Janet Umenta, Adil Ali, Renee Reynolds, Phillip Benson Ham, Richard D Thomas, Ravi Piryani, Muhammad Izhar, Brian Wrotniak, Anil K Swayampakula Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open.2023; 8(1): e001016. CrossRef
A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for diagnostic imaging in the spinal cord injury Bin Guan, Guoyu Li, Ruiyuan Zheng, Yuxuan Fan, Liang Yao, Lingxiao Chen, Shiqing Feng, Hengxing Zhou The Spine Journal.2023; 23(8): 1189. CrossRef
A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines on surgical treatments for spinal cord injury Ruiyuan Zheng, Yuxuan Fan, Bin Guan, Runhan Fu, Liang Yao, Wei Wang, Guoyu Li, Yue Zhou, Lingxiao Chen, Shiqing Feng, Hengxing Zhou The Spine Journal.2023; 23(12): 1739. CrossRef
Relationship of cervical soft tissue injury and surgical predication following pediatric cervical spinal trauma and its sequelae on long-term neurologic outcome Jasmine L. Hect, Michael M. McDowell, Daryl Fields, Stephanie Greene World Neurosurgery: X.2023; 20: 100235. CrossRef
Delayed Surgical Treatment of Cervical Spine Injury in an Adolescent Patient D. A. Karpov, E. F. Shakurov, T. A. Farkhutdinov, L. A. Kulmanova, A. V. Antonov, E. V. Strepetkov Creative surgery and oncology.2023; 13(3): 260. CrossRef
Real Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA) in Pediatrics: A Clinical Case Report and Literature Review Joao Meira Goncalves, Sara Carvalho, Ana Isabel Silva, Josué Pereira, Patricia Polónia Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Pediatric Upper Cervical Spine Trauma: A 10-Year Retrospective Review at a Pediatric Trauma Center Sazid Hasan, Muhammad Waheed, Ameen K Suhrawardy, Collin Braithwaite, Lamia Ahmed, Philip Zakko, Jad G Khalil, Ehab S Saleh Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Pediatric Spine Trauma Sungjae An, Seung-Jae Hyun Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2022; 65(3): 361. CrossRef
Spinal cord injury in adult and pediatric populations Matthew J. Hagan, Joshua Feler, Felicia Sun, Owen P. Leary, Ankush Bajaj, Samika Kanekar, Adetokunbo A. Oyelese, Albert E. Telfeian, Ziya L. Gokaslan, Jared S. Fridley Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery.2022; 29: 101594. CrossRef
Analysis of the Curative Effect and Prognostic Factors of Anterior Cervical Surgery for Spinal Cord Injury without Radiographic Abnormalities Jian Tan, Fanchen Hu, Jun Ou, Xiaotao Su, Jingnan Liu, Fenglin Liu Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Epidemiology, prevention, early management of cervical spine trauma and it's reduction are the objectives of this review paper. A PubMed and MEDLINE search between 2009 and 2019 were conducted using keywords. Case reports, experimental studies, papers other than English language and and unrelated studies were excluded. Up-to-date information on epidemiology of spine trauma, prevention, early emergency management, transportation, and closed reduction were reviewed and statements were produced to reach a consensus in 2 separate consensus meeting of World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Spine Committee. The statements were voted and reached a positive or negative consensus using Delphi method. Global incidence of traumatic spinal injury is higher in low- and middle-income countries. The most frequent reasons are road traffic accidents and falls. The incidence from low falls in the elderly are increasing in high-income countries due to ageing populations. Prevention needs legislative, engineering, educational, and social efforts that need common efforts of all society. Emergency care of the trauma patient, transportation, and in-hospital acute management should be planned by implementing detailed protocols to prevent further damage to the spinal cord. This review summarizes the WFNS Spine Committee recommendations on epidemiology, prevention, and early management of cervical spine injuries.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Spine Trauma Resource Priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Delphi Approach Charlotte F. Wahle, Chellandra Samuels, Shravya Kakulamarri, Babapelumi Adejuyigbe, Trisha Tee, Francisco Gomez Alvarado, Saam Morshed, Ashraf N. El Naga, David W. Shearer, David Gendelberg Global Spine Journal.2026; 16(3): 1501. CrossRef
A prediction model for postoperative respiratory failure in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury using interpretable machine learning Miao Yu, Hui Xing, Tao Jiang, Chao Zhang, Xianjun Ren, Minghan Liu, Changqing Li European Spine Journal.2026; 35(2): 959. CrossRef
Clinical Guidelines and Their Role in Trauma-related Cervical Spine Imaging Masis Isikbay, Jason Talbott Radiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Computer-vision based recognition of cervical spine stabilization during trauma resuscitation Mary S. Kim, Sifan Yuan, Genevieve J. Sippel, Aaron H. Mun, Dylan W. Arkowitz, Ivan Marsic, Randall S. Burd Injury.2026; 57(2): 112951. CrossRef
Variations in Managing Acute Spinal Cord Injury in the North American Clinical Trials Network and Partner Institutes Teleale Fikru Gebeyehu, Zachary Sokol, James D. Guest, Joseph D. Harrington, Ashmal Sami Kabani, Evan Fitchett, Alejandro Lopez, Stavros Matsoukas, Daniel Franco, Jack Jallo, Alexander R. Vaccaro, Muhammad Abd-El-Barr, Shekar N. Kurpad, Charles H. Tator, Global Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Utility of Routine Postoperative Radiographs Following Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Cervical Spine Injuries Hershil Patel, Sapan Patel, Rohan I. Suresh, Vishal A. Khatri, Keerthana Srinivasan, Husni Alasadi, Evan Honig, Ryan Curto, Usman Zareef, Robin Fencel, Alexander Padovano, Louis J. Bivona, Daniel L. Cavanaugh, Eugene Y. Koh, Steven C. Ludwig, Julio J. Jau Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(6): 2231. CrossRef
Subaxial cervical spine fractures with facet joint dislocation: Surgical management, technique, and results in a retrospective series of 36 patients Angelo Rusconi, Stefano Peron, Delia Cannizzaro, Alberto Campione, Roberto Stefini Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine.2026; 17(3): 279. CrossRef
3D-printed guide template for cervical stabilization surgery: A case report Koray Ur, Hatun Mine Şahin, Timurhan Aksoy, Ceren Kızmazoğlu, Reşat Serhat Erbayraktar Brain and Spine.2025; 5: 104267. CrossRef
Cranial Nerve Dysfunction in Patients with an Occipital Condyle Fracture: Underdiagnosis and Clinical Relevance Madelon Thevis, Jolanda Derks, Thijs T.G. Jansen, Allard J.F. Hosman, Henricus P.M. Kunst Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base.2025; 86(06): e8. CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence for Cervical Spine Fracture Detection: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Performance and Clinical Potential Wongthawat Liawrungrueang, Watcharaporn Cholamjiak, Arunee Promsri, Khanathip Jitpakdee, Sompoom Sunpaweravong, Vit Kotheeranurak, Peem Sarasombath Global Spine Journal.2025; 15(4): 2547. CrossRef
Evaluación de los recursos de atención de trauma en hospitales de media y baja complejidad de Cali, Colombia: un estudio observacional multicéntrico María Camila Arango-Granados, Valentina Muñoz-Patiño, María F. Escobar-Vidarte, Julio C. Diez-Sepúlveda, Cristhian Camilo Rojas-Perdomo, Andrés Gempeler, Leidy Johanna Hurtado-Bermúdez, Sebastián Luna-Delgado, Julián Alejandro Rivillas Revista Colombiana de Cirugía.2025; 40(4): 710. CrossRef
BOOTStrap-SCI: Beyond One option of treatment for spinal trauma and spinal cord injury: Consensus-based stratified protocols for pre-hospital care and emergency room (part I) Nicolò Marchesini, Andreas K. Demetriades, Oscar Alves, Riya Mandar Dange, Harold Mauricio Choco, Edinson Dussan Lozada, Dumar Javier Figueredo Sanabria, Angélica Gamboa, Luz Llined Mendoza Victoria, Enoc Noscue Montealegre, Jonathan A. Pardo Carranza, Jo Brain and Spine.2025; 5: 104251. CrossRef
Overview of Cervical Spine Injuries Caused by Diving Into Shallow Water on Jeju Island: A 9-Year Retrospective Study in a Regional Trauma Center Kihyun Park, Taejoon Park, Sangpyung Lee, Seonghwan Kim, Jinwook Baek, Andy Ryou Korean Journal of Neurotrauma.2025; 21(2): 79. CrossRef
BOOTStrap-SCI: Beyond One Option of Treatment for Spinal Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury: Consensus-Based Stratified Protocols for Intensive Care and Surgical Management Nicolò Marchesini, Riya Mandar Dange, Andreas K. Demetriades, Oscar Alves, Amos Olufemi Adeleye, Ernest J. Barthélemy, José Castillo, Juan Diego Ciro, Raul Echeverri, Kiwon Lee, Wellingson Paiva, Julio Pozuelos, Martin Aliaga Rocabado, Alvaro Soto, Gene Y World Neurosurgery.2025; 200: 124099. CrossRef
The Initial Assessment and Management of Cervical Spine Injuries: A Comprehensive Review Nur Amelia S Shaharudin, Olivia A Dunseath, Nur Aina Azmi, Ning Yee Aun Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Traumatic bilateral cervical facet dislocation:a comprehensive review and evidence-based treatment algorithm Imran Z. Haq, Michael G. Fehlings, Alexander R. Vaccaro, Navin R. Furtado, Biao Wang, Pavan Upadhyayula, Jesus LaFuente, Adrian T. C. Casey, James B. Allibone, Mario Ganau European Spine Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Instrumented Pre-Hospital Care Simulation Mannequin for Use in Spinal Motion Restrictions Scenarios: Validation of Cervical and Lumbar Motion Assessment Camille Martin, Patrick Boissy, Mathieu Hamel, Karina Lebel Sensors.2024; 24(4): 1055. CrossRef
Trauma Bay Evaluation and Resuscitative Decision-Making William Robert Leeper, Nicholas James Surgical Clinics of North America.2024; 104(2): 293. CrossRef
Where Do We Stand on Cervical Spine Immobilisation? A Questionnaire among Prehospital Staff Pascal Gräff, Lisa Bolduan, Christian Macke, Jan-Dierk Clausen, Stephan Sehmisch, Marcel Winkelmann Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(8): 2325. CrossRef
Airway management for individuals with suspected or confirmed traumatic cervical spine injuries: A comprehensive review and analysis Debas Yaregal Melesse, Tadesse Teshale Tesema, Zemenay Ayinie Mekonnen, Wubie Birlie Chekol Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management.2024; 35: 100390. CrossRef
Immobilization protocols for the treatment of cervical spine fracture: a scoping review Akhilesh Bhushan, Alexa Beland, Chantelle Poelstra, Jessica Butterfield, Marina Angel, Tiffany Cheung, Emma Plater, Daipayan Guha, Markian Pahuta, Luciana G. Macedo The Spine Journal.2024; 24(9): 1571. CrossRef
Trends in Spinal Orthosis Utilization Among Patients Insured Through Medicare Part B Nikhil Dholaria, Isabel Bauer, James Kelbert, Giovanni Barbagli, Annemarie Pico, Courtney Deaver, Esteban Quiceno, Kristin Nosova, Amna Hussein, Julie Mayeku, Diego T. Soto Rubio, Ibrahim A. Alhalal, Endgel Heinzmann, Niels Pacheco, Abdullah Al-Arfaj, Cha Spine.2024; 49(16): 1171. CrossRef
2022 Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Guidelines for Prehospital Care Christian Martin-Gill, Kathleen M. Brown, Rebecca E. Cash, Rachel M. Haupt, Benjamin T. Potts, Christopher T. Richards, P. Daniel Patterson Prehospital Emergency Care.2023; 27(2): 131. CrossRef
Pedicle Screw Fixation for Hemiplegia and Bilateral Hypoesthesia Due to C2-C3 Spinal Fracture Dislocation IGLNA Artha Wiguna, I Ketut Suyasa, Hans K Nugraha JBJS Case Connector.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spine Bracing: When to Utilize—A Narrative Review John L. Cerillo, Alexander N. Becsey, Chai P. Sanghadia, Kevin T. Root, Brandon Lucke-Wold Biomechanics.2023; 3(1): 136. CrossRef
Reduction of Lower Cervical Facet Dislocation: A Review of All Techniques Ke Liu, Zhengfeng Zhang Neurospine.2023; 20(1): 181. CrossRef
Lesiones vertebrales postraumáticas Pedro Luis Bazán, Carlos Cortes Luengo, Álvaro Enrique Borri, Martín Medina, Nicolás Maximiliano Ciccioli, Daiana Denise Poza Roman, Luis Patalano, Pablo Beltrán Moreno, Enrique Alcides Casco, Elio Marin, Alfredo Osvaldo Godoy Adaro, Edgar Enrique Gutie Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología.2023; 88(2): 138. CrossRef
Is the immobilization of a traumatized patient still the best practice? A literature review Caterina Zardo, Antonello Carta Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo.2023; 23(3): 293. CrossRef
Rehabilitation of spinal patients with diseases and injury of the cervical spine in the early and late postoperative period (analysis of russian and foreign recommendations) Svetlana I. Tolstaya, Galina E. Ivanova, Oleg V. Durov, Igor A. Lavrov, Vladimir P. Baklaushev, Vladimir V. Belopasov Journal of Clinical Practice.2023; 14(2): 54. CrossRef
The management of severe traumatic brain injury in the initial postinjury hours – current evidence and controversies Iftakher Hossain, Elham Rostami, Niklas Marklund Current Opinion in Critical Care.2023; 29(6): 650. CrossRef
Socio-Demographic Profile of Patients Victims of Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma at the University Hospital of Brazzaville (Congo) Ekouele Mbaki Hugues Brieux, Loko Ruben Ange Florice, Tiafumu Konde Christ Arnaud, Mbou Essie Darius Eryx, Boukaka Kala Rel Gerald, Boukassa Léon Open Journal of Modern Neurosurgery.2023; 13(03): 137. CrossRef
Traumatic Bilateral Pars Fracture with Grade-I Spondylolisthesis Treated by Transforaminal (Trans Kambian) Endo Fusion under Epidural Analgesia: A Special Case Report Sukumar Sura, Abhinandan Reddy Mallepally, Gaurav Chamle, Naresh Kumar Pagidimarry Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2022; 7(1): 164. CrossRef
Sub-axial cervical dislocation Amit Shukla, Suyash Singh Journal of Spinal Surgery.2022; 9(2): 75. CrossRef
Established and Emerging Therapies in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Ron Gadot, David N. Smith, Marc Prablek, Joey K. Grochmal, Alfonso Fuentes, Alexander E. Ropper Neurospine.2022; 19(2): 283. CrossRef
Exploring perspectives and adherence to guidelines for adult spinal trauma in low and middle-income healthcare economies: A survey on barriers and possible solutions (part I) Nicolò Marchesini, Andreas K. Demetriades, Oscar L. Alves, Francesco Sala, Andrés M. Rubiano Brain and Spine.2022; 2: 100932. CrossRef
Osteoporotic vertebral fractures: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations Mehmet ZILELI, Maurizio FORNARI, Jutty PARTHIBAN, Salman SHARIF Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A survey on the early management of spinal trauma in low and middle-income countries: From the scene of injury to the diagnostic phase (part II) Andreas K. Demetriades, Nicolò Marchesini, Oscar L. Alves, Andrés M. Rubiano, Francesco Sala Brain and Spine.2022; 2: 101185. CrossRef
Secondary damage management of acute traumatic spinal cord injury in low and middle-income countries: A survey on a global scale (Part III) Nicolò Marchesini, Andrés M. Rubiano, Francesco Sala, Andreas K. Demetriades, Oscar L. Alves Brain and Spine.2022; 2: 101694. CrossRef
Practice Patterns and Management Protocols in Trauma across Indian Settings: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Survey Mahesh Mishra, Ganshyam Jagathkar, Kapil Dev Soni, Kanwalpreet Sodhi, Pramod Sood, Haider Abbas, Rajesh C Mishra, Gunjan Chanchalani, Reshu Gupta, Amrish Patel, Manender Kumar, Shrikant Sahasrabudhe, Ruchira Wasudeo Khasne, Venkat Raman Kola, Ankur R Bhav Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2022; 27(1): 38. CrossRef
Management of acute spinal cord injuries Sultan Mohammed Alanazi, Hatim Faihan Alotaibi, Ibrahim Mohammed Alanazi, Adel Mohammad Aldukhain, Rakan Faisal Albasri, Salman Abdullah Alharbi, Hamoud Ghayyadh Alanizi, Yussef Falah Alharbi, Diyanah Bander Almutairi, Aseel Hasson Alhasson, Alaa Ibrah International journal of health sciences.2022; 6(S10): 1816. CrossRef
First
Prev
