Objective Full endoscopic cervical surgery (FECS) is an evolving minimally invasive approach for treating cervical spine disorders. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the clinical outcomes and patient perspectives associated with FECS, specifically evaluating its safety, efficacy, and overall patient satisfaction.
Methods A systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies published between January 2000 and September 2024 that reported on clinical outcomes or patient perspectives related to FECS were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions) tool and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective studies, and observational studies focused on adult populations undergoing FECS for cervical spine surgery.
Results The final synthesis included 30 studies. FECS was associated with significant reductions in both cervical and radicular pain, as well as meaningful functional improvements, measured by standardized clinical scales such as the Neck Disability Index and visual analogue scale. Patient satisfaction rates were consistently high, with most studies reporting satisfaction exceeding 85%. Complication rates were low, primarily involving transient neurological deficits that were typically resolved without the need for further intervention. Nonrandomized studies generally presented a moderate risk of bias due to confounding and selection, whereas randomized controlled trials exhibited a low risk of bias.
Conclusion FECS is a safe and effective minimally invasive surgical option for cervical spine disorders associated with substantial pain relief, functional improvement and high levels of patient satisfaction.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Response to the letter to the editor: Inconsistencies in obesity criteria: implications for systematic reviews on endoscopic spine surgery Wongthawat Liawrungrueang, Watcharaporn Cholamjiak, Peem Sarasombath, Yudha Mathan Sakti, Pang Hung Wu, Meng-Huang Wu, Yu-Jen Lu, Lo Cho Yau, Zenya Ito, Sung Tan Cho, Dong-Gune Chang, Kang Taek Lim Asian Spine Journal.2026; 20(1): 211. CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy for Cervical Disc Hernia With Unilateral Radiculopathy Idris Gurpinar, Mehmet Yigit Akgun, Furkan Almas, Ozkan Ates Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2026; 11(1): 149. CrossRef
Current Trends and Future Directions in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Review of Emerging Techniques and Evolving Management Paradigms Gianluca Galieri, Vittorio Orlando, Roberto Altieri, Manlio Barbarisi, Alessandro Olivi, Giovanni Sabatino, Giuseppe La Rocca Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(10): 3390. CrossRef
Navigated Minimally Invasive Cervical and Cervicothoracic Fixation: A Technical Note on Surgical Technique and Proposed Classification Spyridon Komaitis, Konstantinos Zygogiannis, Sotirios Karatzoglou, Dimitrios Klitsinikos, Dritan Pasku, Khalid Salem Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Objective To determine the clinical impact of the baseline sagittal imbalance severity in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD).
Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent ≥ 5-level fusion including the pelvis, for ASD with a ≥ 2-year follow-up. Using the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab classification system, patients were classified into 3 groups according to the severity of the preoperative sagittal imbalance: mild, moderate, and severe. Postoperative clinical and radiographic results were compared among the 3 groups.
Results A total of 259 patients were finally included. There were 42, 62, and 155 patients in the mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. The perioperative surgical burden was greatest in the severe group. Postoperatively, this group also showed the largest pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis mismatch, suggesting a tendency towards undercorrection. No statistically significant differences were observed in proximal junctional kyphosis, proximal junctional failure, or rod fractures among the groups. Visual analogue scale for back pain and Scoliosis Research Society-22 scores were similar across groups. However, severe group’s last follow-up Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores significantly lower than those of the severe group.
Conclusion Patients with severe sagittal imbalance were treated with more invasive surgical methods along with increased the perioperative surgical burden. All patients exhibited significant radiological and clinical improvements after surgery. However, regarding ODI, the severe group demonstrated slightly worse clinical outcomes than the other groups, probably due to relatively higher proportion of undercorrection. Therefore, more rigorous correction is necessary to achieve optimal sagittal alignment specifically in patients with severe baseline sagittal imbalance.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Radiographic and clinical predictors of surgical outcomes following endoscopic decompression for radiculopathy in adult degenerative scoliosis: A multi-center retrospective study Mounica Paturu, Joshua Woo, Kosuke Saguira, David Huie, Christoph Hofstetter, Muhammad M. Abd-el-Barr Brain and Spine.2026; 6: 105990. CrossRef
Does Preoperative Spinal Alignment Influence Surgical Outcomes When Postoperative Alignment and Fixation Strategies Are Matched in ASD Correction? Donghua Huang, Zhan Wang, Michael Jian-Wen Chen, Annika Bay, Robert N. Uzzo, Gabrielle Dykhouse, Atahan Durbas, Andrea Pezzi, Stephane Owusu-Sarpong, Luis Felipe Colon, Kasra Araghi, Quante Singleton, Farah Musharbash, Sereen Halayqeh, Matthew E. Cunningh Spine.2026; 51(11): 761. CrossRef
Balance or Strength? Reconsidering Muscle Metrics in Sagittal Malalignment in Adult Sagittal Deformity Patients Donghua Huang, Zhan Wang, Mihir Dekhne, Atahan Durbas, Tejas Subramanian, Gabrielle Dykhouse, Robert N. Uzzo, Luis Felipe Colón, Stephane Owusu-Sarpong, Han Jo Kim, Francis Lovecchio Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(10): 3293. CrossRef
The predictive value of the global alignment and proportion (GAP) score for mechanical complications following adult spinal deformity surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis Vinicius Ricieri Ferraz, Guilherme Santos Piedade, Carlos R. Goulart, Maria Fernanda Ricieri Ferraz Franco de Souza, Marcelo Ochoa Coelho de Souza Furlan, Philippe A. Mercier, Tobias A. Mattei North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ).2025; 24: 100816. CrossRef
Objective Cervical myelopathy (CM) describes the compressive cervical spinal cord state, often accompanied by serious clinical condition, by herniated disc or hypertrophied spurs or ligament. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been frequently employed as conventional surgical solution for this CM despite its inherent biomechanical handicap. Alternatively, an artificial disc replacement (ADR) preserves cervical motion while still decompressing the spinal canal and neural foramen. This analysis elaborated to clarify the potential benefits of ADR application to CM over ACDF from the conglomerated results of the past references.
Methods A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane review, and KMbase databases from the studies published until March 2023. Six studies (3 randomized controlled study [RCTs] and 3 non-RCTs) were included in a qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Data were extracted and analyzed using a random effects model to obtain effect size and its statistical significance. Quality assessment and evidence level were established in accordance with the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology.
Results Among 6 studies, 2 studies showed that ADR group achieved significantly better clinical improvement than the ACDF group, while the rest 4 studies revealed no significant difference. A meta-analysis showed better clinical outcomes with or without statistical significance. The level of evidence was low because of inconsistency and imprecision.
Conclusion ADR was superior or at least, not inferior to ACDF in terms of functional recovery. However, its application to the CM patients is merely empowered with weak strength due to low level of evidence.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
ACDF and cervical disc replacement for single-level cervical spine degenerative disease: a frailty driven propensity score-matched comparative analysis Nithin Gupta, Omar Sbaih, William DiCiurcio III, Mark Miller, Ruchir Nanavati, Hunter Smith, Blake Delgadillo, Matthew Meade, Aman Singh, Rohin Singh, Christian Bowers European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Hybrid Surgery and Two-Level ACDF in Treating Consecutive Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Yihan Yang, Weishi Liang, Duan Sun, Bo Han, Zhangfu Li, Yeqiu Xu, Peng Yin, Xianjun Qu, Yong Hai Global Spine Journal.2025; 15(8): 3953. CrossRef
Recent progress in surgical treatment of cervical spine myelopathy – A narrative review Jun Ouchida, Hiroaki Nakashima, Sadayuki Ito, Naoki Segi, Ippei Yamauchi, Shiro Imagama Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma.2025; 68: 103074. CrossRef
Cervical disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using stand-alone cage for degenerative cervical spondylosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials Yu Zhang, Jidong Ju, Jinchun Wu Neurosurgical Review.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Does the novel artificial cervical joint complex resolve the conflict between stability and mobility after anterior cervical surgery? a finite element study Bing Meng, Xiong Zhao, Xin-Li Wang, Jian Wang, Chao Xu, Wei Lei Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Practical Answers to Frequently Asked Questions in Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery for Degenerative Conditions Tejas Subramanian, Austin Kaidi, Pratyush Shahi, Tomoyuki Asada, Takashi Hirase, Avani Vaishnav, Omri Maayan, Troy B. Amen, Kasra Araghi, Chad Z. Simon, Eric Mai, Olivia C. Tuma, Ashley Yeo Eun Kim, Nishtha Singh, Maximillian K. Korsun, Joshua Zhang, Myle Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.2024; 32(18): e919. CrossRef
Radiographic Characteristics of Caudal Segment in Multilevel Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: The Bony Buttress Formation Chang Hwa Ham, Joo Han Kim, Youn-Kwan Park, Woo-Keun Kwon, Hong Joo Moon Neurospine.2024; 21(4): 1241. CrossRef
Objective Posterior apophyseal ring fracture (PARF) is an uncommon disorder that is usually accompanied by lumbar disc herniation (LDH). The aim of this study to describe the 8-year experience of performing minimally invasive treatment of PARF, giving particular attention to surgical technique and clinical outcome.
Methods We reviewed 1,324 consecutive patients with LDH seen in our department between 2013 and 2020. Forty-eight patients (3.63%) were enrolled who were diagnosed with PARF associated with LDH and underwent transforminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD). Mean duration of the final postoperative follow-up was 5.1 years. The control group was comprised of 50 patients diagnosed with LDH without PARF at the same facility. Data on clinical outcomes were analyzed.
Results The mean operation time in the PARF group was 105.4 minutes, which was longer than the mean operation time of the control group (83.9 minutes) (p = 0.001). Surgical complications, including dural tears (6.3%) and surgical instrument rupture (4.2%) were more common in the PARF group (p = 0.025). However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of excellent and good results and recurrence rates between the LDH patients with and those without PARF, respectively.
Conclusion TELD is a safe and effective minimally invasive approach for the treatment of PARF. However, minimally invasive techniques may require longer operation time and steeper learning curve for inexperienced surgeons. The separation and removal of bone fragments, a key step in the procedure, requires patience and care to prevent rupture, residual surgical instruments, and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Research Progress of Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Treatment of Posterior Ring Apophyseal Fracture 思良 刘 Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine.2025; 04(01): 572. CrossRef
Response to “comment on the article by Wang et al.: clinical outcome of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar decompression in treatment of elderly patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a matched retrospective study” Tianyi Wang, Lei Wang, Ning Fan, Shuo Yuan, Peng Du, Fangda Si, Aobo Wang, Lei Zang International Orthopaedics.2024; 48(2): 611. CrossRef
The Method of Portal Making in Lumbar Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Surgery with Different Operative Approaches According to the Constant Anatomical Landmarks of the Lumbar Spine: A Review of the Literature Yixi Wang, Abulikemu Maimaiti, Abudusalamu Tuoheti, Yang Xiao, Rui Zhang, Alafate Kahaer, Dongshan Liu, Paerhati Rexiti Global Spine Journal.2024; 14(6): 1838. CrossRef
Imaging of juvenile spinal disorders A. Madhavan, R. Siripurapu, A. Herwadkar Clinical Radiology.2023; 78(7): 484. CrossRef
Prodrome to Seizure in Transforaminal Endoscopic Surgery: A Series of 9 Cases Ajay Krishnan, Vikrant Chauhan, Devanand Degulmadi, Shivanand Mayi, Ravi Ranjan, Mirant B Dave, Shiv Kumar Bali, Pranav Ravi Charde, Abhijith Anil, Preety A Krishnan, Bharat R Dave Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2023; 8(1): 105. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters and Gait Asymmetry in Patients With Lumbar Disc Herniation, Treated With Microdiscectomy: A Prospective, Observational Study Masoud Amir Rashedi Bonab, Suleyman Sener, Tugba Kuru Colak, Mahsa Amirrashedi, Ipek Yeldan, Deniz Konya, Zafer Orkun Toktas Neurospine.2023; 20(3): 947. CrossRef
Objective Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common surgical method used to treat patients with Hirayama disease. And sagittal balance indexes have been revealed to be predictors of clinical outcomes in patients with cervical diseases, but their relationships with ACDF-treated Hirayama disease outcomes remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship of preoperative cervical sagittal balance indexes and clinical outcomes in ACDF-treated Hirayama disease patients.
Methods Eighty patients with Hirayama disease treated by ACDF were reviewed retrospectively. Six cervical sagittal balance parameters were collected including Cobb angle, T1 slope, C1–7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), C2–7 SVA, center of gravity of the head (CGH)-C7 SVA, range of motion. The recovery outcomes of the patients were divided into 2 groups by Odom score and the differences in recovery between the 2 groups were confirmed by electromyography. The correlation between imaging parameters and postoperative outcome was evaluated with logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the significant result of logistic regression and the optimal diagnostic value.
Results Only 2 parameters, Cobb angle and CGH-C7 SVA, showed statistical correlation with the postoperative outcome assessment by logistic regression. AUC of Cobb angle and CGH-C7 SVA were 0.559 and 0.702 respectively. The optimal predictive threshold was 1.50° and 5.40 mm, respectively.
Conclusion A larger Cobb angle and smaller CGH-C7 SVA seemed to correlate with a better postoperative outcome. These 2 factors could be used to predict the outcome of surgical treatment of Hirayama disease preoperatively.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Is Cervical Disc Degeneration a Compensatory Mechanism in Hirayama Disease? A Retrospective Case‒Control Study Zhaoxuan Wang, Jianhua Ren, Hengrui Chang, Rui Xue, Guzhen Liang, Junkai Kou, Xianzhong Meng Global Spine Journal.2025; 15(4): 2435. CrossRef
Surgical Management of Hirayama Disease: A Rare Entity With Unusual Clinical Features Suresh Cheekatla, Peddineni Anudeep Indian Spine Journal.2025; 8(1): 85. CrossRef
A novel mechanism of FBXW7 in combating intervertebral disc degeneration: Mitigating ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells through the regulation of mitophagy Xiao Lu, Zhidi Lin, Dachuan Li, Zhaoyang Gong, Tiancong Ma, Jiongdong Wu, Wenbiao Xiao, Chenpei Xu, Yunzhi Guan, Shuo Yang, Yuxuan Zhang, Chi Sun, Xinlei Xia, Feizhou Lu, Jian Song, Jianyuan Jiang, Wei Zhu, Guangyu Xu, Xiaosheng Ma, Fei Zou International Immunopharmacology.2025; 155: 114668. CrossRef
Correlation Study Between Spinal Cord Function, Spinal Cord Morphology and Cervical Spine Alignments in Patients With Hirayama Disease Yuan Gao, Chi Sun, Shuyi Zhou, Fan Zhang, Jianyuan Jiang, Jun Zhang, Hongli Wang Global Spine Journal.2024; 14(8): 2347. CrossRef
HIF‐1α‐induced expression of the m6A reader YTHDF1 inhibits the ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by promoting SLC7A11 translation Xiao Lu, Dachuan Li, Zhidi Lin, Tian Gao, Zhaoyang Gong, Yuxuan Zhang, Hongli Wang, Xinlei Xia, Feizhou Lu, Jian Song, Guangyu Xu, Jianyuan Jiang, Xiaosheng Ma, Fei Zou Aging Cell.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Female Patients with Hirayama Disease Hongwei Wang, Ye Tian, Jianwei Wu, Cong Nie, Chi Sun, Fei Zou, Xinlei Xia, Xiaosheng Ma, Feizhou Lyu, Jianyuan Jiang, Hongli Wang World Neurosurgery.2023; 170: e673. CrossRef
Update on the Pathogenesis, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hirayama Disease Hongwei Wang, Ye Tian, Jianwei Wu, Sushan Luo, Chaojun Zheng, Chi Sun, Cong Nie, Xinlei Xia, Xiaosheng Ma, Feizhou Lyu, Jianyuan Jiang, Hongli Wang Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Do patients with Hirayama disease require surgical treatment? A review of the literature Yuan Gao, Chi Sun, Xiaosheng Ma, Feizhou Lu, Jianyuan Jiang, Hongli Wang Intractable & Rare Diseases Research.2022; 11(4): 173. CrossRef
Can preoperative cervical spinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices predict surgical outcomes in patients with Hirayama disease? A retrospective cohort study Yuan Gao, Chi Sun, Shuyi Zhou, Xiaosheng Ma, Xinlei Xia, Feizhou Lu, Jun Zhang, Hongli Wang, Jianyuan Jiang Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Objective Midline lumbar interbody fusion is performed for treatment of various lumbar degenerative diseases, with good clinical outcomes and few complications. However, there are no large-scale or long-term studies regarding midline lumbar interbody fusion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of midline lumbar interbody fusion and to compare the results according to surgical level.
Methods Between January 2013 and December 2015, 200 patients with lumbar degenerative disease undergoing midline lumbar interbody fusion surgery were enrolled. The mean patient age was 69.9 ± 15.8 years (range, 40–85 years). The patients were divided into groups according to surgical level: (1) level 1 operation (136 patients), (2) level 2 operation (43 patients), (3) level 3 operation (12 patients), and (4) level 4 or higher (9 patients). Clinical outcomes, fusion rates, and complications were compared among the 4 groups.
Results All clinical outcomes significantly improved after surgery (measured at 3 years postoperatively) in all groups. Mean fusion rate was 90.5% ± 5.21%. Fusion rate was highest in group I (95.8%) and lowest in group IV (85.2%). There were complications in 17 cases (8.5%). Adjacent segment disease occurred in 16 cases, 5 of which required surgery. Group 1 had 1 case, and group 4 had 4 cases. Screw loosening occurred in 1 case in group 4. There were no cases of infection or mechanical complications.
Conclusion This large, single‐institution, retrospective study demonstrates favorable clinical outcomes after midline lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar degenerative disease regardless of surgical level.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Open Midline Decompression with Ligament Reconstruction for Multiple-Level Spinal Stenosis in Elderly Patients Shin-Jae Kim, Sang-Ho Lee, Junseok Bae NeuroSci.2025; 6(1): 18. CrossRef
Surgical stabilization for degenerative lesions of the lumbar spine in patients with reduced bone mineral density: a systematic literature review I. V. Shirokikh, A. I. Vasilyev, Yu. M. Batrak, V. A. Peleganchuk Russian Journal of Spine Surgery (Khirurgiya Pozvonochnika).2024; 21(1): 44. CrossRef
Postoperative urinary retention after oblique lumbar interbody fusion under the systematic management protocol Joonsoo Lim, Jangyeob Lim, Asfandyar Khan, Chang-Hyun Lee, Jun-Hoe Kim, Sejin Choi, Tae-Shin Kim, Yunhee Choi, Chun Kee Chung, Sangwook T. Yoon, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Chi Heon Kim Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Cortical Bone Trajectory to Pedicle-Based Dynamic Stabilization: An Analysis of 291 Patients Chih-Chang Chang, Hsuan-Kan Chang, Chin-Chu Ko, Ching-Lan Wu, Yi-Hsuan Kuo, Tsung-Hsi Tu, Wen-Cheng Huang, Jau-Ching Wu Neurospine.2023; 20(1): 308. CrossRef
The Fusion Rate of Cortical Bone Trajectory Screw Fixation and Pedicle Screw Fixations in L4‐5 Interbody Fusion: A Retrospective Cohort Study Yuhe Lin, Jie Xu, Wu Zheng Orthopaedic Surgery.2023; 15(5): 1281. CrossRef
Minimally invasive fusion surgery for patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis and severe lumbar spinal stenosis: a comparative study between MIDLIF and TLIF Pedro Santos Silva, Ana Jardim, Joana Pereira, Rita Sousa, Rui Vaz, Paulo Pereira European Spine Journal.2023; 32(9): 3210. CrossRef
Cortical bone trajectory screws in the treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease in patients with osteoporosis Song Guo, Kai Zhu, Mei-Jun Yan, Xin-Hua Li, Jun Tan World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(36): 13179. CrossRef
Steven Thomas Heidt, Philip King-Hung Louie, Jannat M. Khan, Bryce A. Basques, Brandon Hirsch, Arya Varthi, Justin C. Paul, Edward J. Goldberg, Howard S. An
Neurospine 2019;16(3):618-625. Published online February 23, 2019
Objective Current literature has not shown if using either allograft or autograft differentially affects postoperative cervical sagittal parameters. The goal of this study was to compare sagittal alignment and patient-reported outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with allograft versus autograft.
Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of patients who underwent single-level ACDF was conducted. Preoperative, immediate postoperative, and final follow-up radiographic assessments were conducted and included: change in C2–7 lordosis, T1 slope, levels fused, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), fusion mass lordosis, and proximal and distal adjacent segment degeneration (ASD). Patient-reported outcomes were obtained using the Neck Disability Index and visual analogue scale scores for neck and arm.
Results A total of 404 patients were assessed; 353 using allograft and 51 using autograft. No significant differences existed in demographics. Cervical lordosis improved in both groups without significant changes in SVA. Autograft group had a significantly greater amount of lordosis at the proximal segment on immediate postoperative radiographs and less overall cervical lordosis at final follow-up. Sagittal parameters were similar at each time point without significant changes between the 3-time points. No significant differences existed in radiographic ASD or reoperation rates. Fusion rates exceeded 96% in both groups. No significant differences existed between preoperative, postoperative, or change in patient-reported outcomes between the 2 groups.
Conclusion Sagittal alignment is maintained following ACDF when using either allograft or autograft. Radiographic evidence of ASD is present in both groups; however, this was not considered clinically significant, given low rates of pseudarthrosis or reoperation. No significant differences exist between groups in terms of patient-reported outcomes.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
A nationwide registry study of surgical and patient-reported outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: Part 1 - Synthetic cages versus autologous crista bone grafts Victor Gabriel El-Hajj, Sruthi Ranganathan, Daniel de Wilde, Alec Jonason, Victor E. Staartjes, Patrick Vigren, Elias Atallah, Erik Edström, Adrian Elmi-Terander European Spine Journal.2026; 35(2): 510. CrossRef
Correlation analysis between preoperative odontoid incidence and clinical outcomes 2 years after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion Yan Gong, Hao Liu, Yanchi Gan, Jiahui He, Zelin Zhou, Hang Zhuo, Yu Liu, De Liang, Hui Ren, Xiaobing Jiang, Zhaojun Cheng Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Complications in Multilevel Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using Osteobiologics Other than Bone Morphogenetic Protein: A Systematic Review Juan P. Cabrera, Neha Agarwal, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Ricardo Rodrigues-Pinto, Yabin Wu, Christopher Martin, Zorica Buser, Jeffrey C. Wang, Hans Jörg Meisel Global Spine Journal.2024; 14(2_suppl): 86. CrossRef
Variation of Odontoid Incidence According to Age in Asymptomatic Children Yuwang Du, Weiyou Chen, Hongyuan Xu, Xiao Liang, Chongyang Wang, Hongyu Qin, Hua Jiang World Neurosurgery.2024; 190: e496. CrossRef
Which Radiographic Parameter Can Aid in Deciding Optimal Allograft Height for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion? Jae Jun Yang, Sehan Park, Dong-Min Kim Clinical Spine Surgery.2023; 36(3): 75. CrossRef
Sagittal balance of the cervical spine: a systematic review and meta-analysis Parisa Azimi, Taravat Yazdanian, Edward C. Benzel, Yong Hai, Ali Montazeri European Spine Journal.2021; 30(6): 1411. CrossRef
Residual Motion and Graft Type Do Not Influence Patient-reported Outcomes Following One- or Two-level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Brandon K. Couch, Richard A. Wawrose, Clarissa M. LeVasseur, Samuel W. Pitcairn, Jeremy D. Shaw, William F. Donaldson, Joon Y. Lee, William J. Anderst Spine.2021; 46(15): E817. CrossRef
Efficiency of minimal oblique resection of the uncinate process during an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion Byoung Hun Lee, Jong Hwa Park, Jong Young Lee, Hong Jun Jeon, Seung-Woo Park Medicine.2021; 100(31): e26790. CrossRef
Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of bioactive glass ceramic to allograft bone for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with anterior plate fixation Hyung Cheol Kim, Jae Keun Oh, Du Su Kim, Jeffrey S. Roh, Tae Woo Kim, Seong Bae An, Hyeong Seok Jeon, Dong Ah Shin, Seong Yi, Keung Nyun Kim, Do Heum Yoon, Yoon Ha Neurosurgical Review.2020; 43(5): 1423. CrossRef
Since 1966 the first metal ball shape implant was inserted into the cervical and lumbar areas by Dr. Fernstrom, numerous attempts and prostheses have been tried to maintain physiologic range of motion and prevent adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) after surgery. However fusion itself is not a single causative factor of ASD and other biologic factors including natural progression of degenerative process and mechanical factors also contribute in the development of ASD. Several well designed prospective randomized control studies for Bryan disc and Prodisc C have been recently documented preservation of spinal motion, superior or, at least, equivalent clinical outcome in comparing with anterior cervical arthrodesis, and less adverse postoperative events both in frequency and severity.
Still remained or undetermined problems in cervical arthroplasty are heterotopic ossifications, segmental kyphosis of implanted levels, MR imaging compatibility, vertebral body fracture by keeled prostheses and long term wear properties. In spite of these unsolved problems and incompleteness of prosthetic design, cervical arthroplasty is now considered as one of standard methods in surgical management of one or two level cervical disc diseases and its indication may be broader in near future.
First
Prev
