Neurospine

Clinical Study/Spinal Imaging

Disuse Bone Loss in Fusion Constructs After Multilevel Lumbar Fusion: A Computed Tomography Hounsfield Unit Analysis: Hyun-Jun Jang, Dongkyu Kim, Bong-Ju Moon, Kyung-Hyun Kim, Jeong-Yoon Park, Sung-Uk Kuh, Keun-Su Kim, Dong-Kyu Chin; Neurospine 2026;23(1):176-186. Published online January 31, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2551272.636

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Disuse Bone Loss in Fusion Constructs After Multilevel Lumbar Fusion: A Computed Tomography Hounsfield Unit Analysis

Neurospine. 2026;23(1):176-186. Published online January 31, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2551272.636

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Disuse Bone Loss in Fusion Constructs After Multilevel Lumbar Fusion: A Computed Tomography Hounsfield Unit Analysis

Neurospine. 2026;23(1):176-186. Published online January 31, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2551272.636

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Objective
To evaluate long-term bone quality changes within the fusion construct (FC) after 2- to 3-level lumbar fusion using computed tomography (CT)-derived Hounsfield units (HUs).
Methods
Among 520 screened patients, 222 who underwent 2- to 3-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion met the inclusion criteria. HU values were measured on CT scans preoperatively, at 1-year postoperative, and at final follow-up. The percentage change in HU (HU [final–pre]%) was calculated for each vertebral level.
Results
At the final follow-up, the FC demonstrated a significant decline in HU compared to preoperative values (median [10th–90th percentile], 132.0 [86.5–220.4]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 116.0–142.5 vs. 124.5 [71.0– 210.0]; 109.8–135.1; HU (final–pre)%: -11.0 [-62.0 to 48.5]; -19.9 to -6.1; p<0.001). In contrast, HU increased significantly at the uppermost instrumented vertebra (HU (final–pre)%: median [10th–90th percentile], 28.3 [-19.9 to 102.9]; 95% CI, 21.1–36.4; p<0.001), likely reflecting increased mechanical demands. Subgroup analysis revealed a more pronounced decline in HU in patients with longer follow-up durations, particularly in the FC group (p=0.003).
Conclusion
CT-derived HU revealed progressive trabecular bone loss within FC over time after lumbar fusion. In patients with longer postoperative intervals, clinicians should remain aware of the potential weakening of the FC, which has important implications when considering implant removal or planning revision surgery.

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A Commentary on “Disuse Bone Loss in Fusion Constructs After Multilevel Lumbar Fusion: A Computed Tomography Hounsfield Unit Analysis”
Jiajun Deng, Hongsheng Lin
Neurospine.2026; 23(2): 504. CrossRef
Reply Letter: A Commentary on “Disuse Bone Loss in Fusion Constructs After Multilevel Lumbar Fusion: A Computed Tomography Hounsfield Unit Analysis”
Hyun-Jun Jang, Dongkyu Kim, Bong-Ju Moon, Kyung-Hyun Kim, Jeong-Yoon Park, Sung-Uk Kuh, Keun-Su Kim, Dong-Kyu Chin
Neurospine.2026; 23(2): 506. CrossRef

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Clinical Study – Epidemiology

Epidemiology and Screening of Traumatic Vertebral Artery Injuries at a Large Scandinavian Level 1 Trauma Center: Paulina Cewe, Victor E. Staartjes, Victor Gabriel El-Hajj, Ihab Ahmad Al-Rikabi, Basel Musmar, Joana M Roy, Dennis Troung, Mats Beckman, Marcus Ohlsson, Pascal Jabbour, Adrian Elmi-Terander, Erik Edström; Neurospine 2025;22(4):905-915. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2551070.535

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Epidemiology and Screening of Traumatic Vertebral Artery Injuries at a Large Scandinavian Level 1 Trauma Center

Neurospine. 2025;22(4):905-915. Published online December 31, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2551070.535

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Epidemiology and Screening of Traumatic Vertebral Artery Injuries at a Large Scandinavian Level 1 Trauma Center

Neurospine. 2025;22(4):905-915. Published online December 31, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2551070.535

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Objective
Traumatic vertebral artery injuries (tVAIs) are uncommon but potentially devastating if missed. While computed tomography angiography (CTA) is routinely used for diagnosis, data on the number needed to image (NNI) remain limited. We hence analyzed tVAI epidemiology and imaging practices at a major Scandinavian level 1 trauma center.
Methods
A retrospective study (2013–2020) was performed based on a single-center trauma registry. Patients were grouped based on CTA imaging protocol used; selective screening (2013–2017) and universal screening (2018–2020). Imaging protocols, treatment strategies, and outcomes were analyzed.
Results
Among 2,843 patients admitted with level 1 trauma and receiving CTA imaging, 62 had a tVAI (2.2%) yielding a NNI of 46 patients to diagnose 1 tVAI. Twenty-five of these patients (40.3%) were found to have a posterior circulation stroke, resulting in an incidence of 0.9%, and a NNI of 114 to diagnose 1 stroke on CTA. NNIs for both tVAI and stroke detection increased with adoption of universal screening (tVAI: 35→65; stroke: 90→149). However, the detection rate of tVAI during the universal screening period was not significantly higher than during the selective screening period (p=0.261).
Conclusion
In our level 1 trauma cohort, the incidence of tVAI was 2.2% and stroke rate 0.9%. The NNI rose with universal screening, yet detection rates did not improve. These findings suggest that selective screening based on risk factors may be more efficient than a universal approach. Further research is needed to balance diagnostic accuracy with resource use in trauma care.

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Optimizing Diagnostic Yield: Evidence Against Universal Computed Tomography Angiography for Traumatic Vertebral Artery Injury Screening – A Commentary on “Epidemiology and Screening of Traumatic Vertebral Artery Injuries at a Large Scandinavian Level 1 Tr
Jae Taek Hong
Neurospine.2025; 22(4): 916. CrossRef
From the Editor-in-Chief: Featured Articles in the December 2025 Issue
Inbo Han
Neurospine.2025; 22(4): 877. CrossRef

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44 Download
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Special Issue on AI & Robotics

TomoRay: Generating Synthetic Computed Tomography of the Spine From Biplanar Radiographs: Olivier Zanier, Sven Theiler, Raffaele Da Mutten, Seung-Jun Ryu, Luca Regli, Carlo Serra, Victor E. Staartjes; Neurospine 2024;21(1):68-75. Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2347158.579

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TomoRay: Generating Synthetic Computed Tomography of the Spine From Biplanar Radiographs

Neurospine. 2024;21(1):68-75. Published online February 1, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2347158.579

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TomoRay: Generating Synthetic Computed Tomography of the Spine From Biplanar Radiographs

Neurospine. 2024;21(1):68-75. Published online February 1, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2347158.579

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Objective
Computed tomography (CT) imaging is a cornerstone in the assessment of patients with spinal trauma and in the planning of spinal interventions. However, CT studies are associated with logistical problems, acquisition costs, and radiation exposure. In this proof-of-concept study, the feasibility of generating synthetic spinal CT images using biplanar radiographs was explored. This could expand the potential applications of x-ray machines pre-, post-, and even intraoperatively.
Methods
A cohort of 209 patients who underwent spinal CT imaging from the VerSe2020 dataset was used to train the algorithm. The model was subsequently evaluated using an internal and external validation set containing 55 from the VerSe2020 dataset and a subset of 56 images from the CTSpine1K dataset, respectively. Digitally reconstructed radiographs served as input for training and evaluation of the 2-dimensional (2D)-to-3-dimentional (3D) generative adversarial model. Model performance was assessed using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and cosine similarity (CS).
Results
At external validation, the developed model achieved a PSNR of 21.139 ± 1.018 dB (mean ± standard deviation). The SSIM and CS amounted to 0.947 ± 0.010 and 0.671 ± 0.691, respectively.
Conclusion
Generating an artificial 3D output from 2D imaging is challenging, especially for spinal imaging, where x-rays are known to deliver insufficient information frequently. Although the synthetic CT scans derived from our model do not perfectly match their ground truth CT, our proof-of-concept study warrants further exploration of the potential of this technology.

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Artificial intelligence in spine surgery: a scoping review
Anis Choucha, Morgane Evin, Matteo de Simone, Guillaume Dannhoff, Henry Dufour, Valentin Avinens, Kaissar Farah, Florian Saby, Stephane Fuentes
Neurochirurgie.2026; 72(1): 101764. CrossRef
TomoRay cranial: synthesis of cranial CT imaging from biplanar radiographs using a generative adversarial network
Olivier Zanier, Seungjun Ryu, Raffaele Da Mutten, Sven Theiler, Alessandro Carretta, Giorgio Palandri, Diego Mazzatenta, Luca Regli, Carlo Serra, Victor E. Staartjes
European Radiology.2026; 36(6): 4873. CrossRef
Synthetic Imaging Methods: Ready for the Neurosurgical Operating Room?
Victor E. Staartjes, Massimo Bottini, Olivier Zanier, Luca Regli, Carlo Serra
World Neurosurgery.2026; 206: 124740. CrossRef
Enhancement and Segmentation of High Definition CT Images in Everything 6G Medical IoT Environment
Jinlei Liu, Fuyao Yu, Rui Li, Xiaohong Lyu, Shilei Zheng
IEEE Internet of Things Journal.2026; 13(5): 7862. CrossRef
Strategies for generating synthetic computed tomography-like imaging from radiographs: A scoping review
Daniel De Wilde, Olivier Zanier, Raffaele Da Mutten, Michael Jin, Luca Regli, Carlo Serra, Victor E. Staartjes
Medical Image Analysis.2025; 101: 103454. CrossRef
Cross-modality image-to-image translation from MR to synthetic 18F-FDOPA PET/MR fusion images using conditional GAN in brain cancer
Youngbeom Seo, Heesung Yang, Eunjung Kong, Vivek Sanker, Atman Desai, Jungwon Lee, So Hee Park, You Seon Song, Ikchan Jeon
Neuroradiology.2025; 67(10): 2727. CrossRef
Generation of synthetic tomographic images from biplanar X-ray: a narrative review of history, methods, and the state of the art
Aron ALAKMEH, Olivier ZANIER, Massimo BOTTINI, Maria L. GANDIA-GONZALEZ, Gustav BURSTRÖM, Erik EDSTRÖM, Adrian ELMI TERANDER, Ethan SCHONFELD, Anand VEERAVAGU, Luca REGLI, Carlo SERRA, Victor E. STAARTJES
Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
From the Editor-in-Chief: Featured Articles in the March 2024 Issue
Inbo Han
Neurospine.2024; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
Automatic 3D reconstruction of vertebrae from orthogonal bi-planar radiographs
Yuepeng Chen, Yue Gao, Xiangling Fu, Yingyin Chen, Ji Wu, Chenyi Guo, Xiaodong Li
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Enabling Technologies in the Management of Cervical Spine Trauma
Arjun K. Menta, Antony A. Fuleihan, Marvin Li, Tej D. Azad, Timothy F. Witham
Clinical Spine Surgery.2024; 37(9): 459. CrossRef

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198 Download
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Bone Biology and Osteoporosis Special Issue

Which Indicator Among Lumbar Vertebral Hounsfield Unit, Vertebral Bone Quality, or Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Measured Bone Mineral Density Is More Efficacious in Predicting Thoracolumbar Fragility Fractures?: Bo Zhang, Lu-Ping Zhou, Xian-Liang Zhang, Dui Li, Jia-Qi Wang, Chong-Yu Jia, Hua-Qing Zhang, Liang Kang, Ren-Jie Zhang, Cai-Liang Shen; Neurospine 2023;20(4):1193-1204. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2346998.499

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Which Indicator Among Lumbar Vertebral Hounsfield Unit, Vertebral Bone Quality, or Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Measured Bone Mineral Density Is More Efficacious in Predicting Thoracolumbar Fragility Fractures?

Neurospine. 2023;20(4):1193-1204. Published online December 31, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2346998.499

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Which Indicator Among Lumbar Vertebral Hounsfield Unit, Vertebral Bone Quality, or Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry-Measured Bone Mineral Density Is More Efficacious in Predicting Thoracolumbar Fragility Fractures?

Neurospine. 2023;20(4):1193-1204. Published online December 31, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2346998.499

Close

Objective
Hounsfield units (HU), vertebral bone quality (VBQ), and bone mineral density (BMD) can all serve as predictive indicators for thoracolumbar fragility fractures. This study aims to explore which indicator provides better risk prediction for thoracolumbar fragility fractures.
Methods
Patients who have received medical attention from The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University for thoracolumbar fragility fractures were selected. A total of 78 patients with thoracolumbar fragility fractures were included in the study. To establish a control group, 78 patients with degenerative spinal diseases were matched to the fracture group on the basis of gender, age, and body mass index. The lumbar vertebral HU, the VBQ, and the BMD were obtained for all the 156 patients through computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The correlations among these parameters were analyzed. The area under curve (AUC) analysis was employed to assess the predictive efficacy and thresholds of lumbar vertebral HU, VBQ, and BMD in relation to the risk of thoracolumbar fragility fractures.
Results
Among the cohort of 156 patients, lumbar vertebral HU exhibited a positive correlation with BMD (p < 0.01). Conversely, VBQ showed a negative correlation with HU, BMD (p < 0.05). HU and BMD displayed a favorable predictive efficacy for thoracolumbar fragility fractures (p < 0.01), with HU (AUC = 0.863) showcasing the highest predictive efficacy, followed by the DEXA-measured BMD (AUC = 0.813). VBQ (AUC = 0.602) ranked lowest among the 3 indicators. The thresholds for predicting thoracolumbar fragility fractures were as follows: HU (88),VBQ (3.37), and BMD (0.81).
Conclusion
All 3 of these indicators, HU, VBQ, and BMD, can predict thoracolumbar fragility fractures. Notably, lumbar vertebral HU exhibits the highest predictive efficacy, followed by the BMD obtained through DEXA scanning, with VBQ demonstrating the lowest predictive efficacy.

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Evaluation of bone mineral density in patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament utilizing vertebral bone quality and Hounsfield units
Kangcheng Zhao, Tong Su, JuHan Li, WeiBo Huang, HuaBin Yin
European Spine Journal.2026; 35(4): 1785. CrossRef
Comparison between Hounsfield unit value and vertebral bone quality score for adjacent vertebral fracture risk assessment after balloon kyphoplasty: a propensity score matching study
Koji Matsumoto, Masahiro Hoshino, Hirokatsu Sawada, Sosuke Saito, Tomohiro Furuya, Hirohiko Tsujisawa, Ryo Ozaki, Kazuyoshi Nakanishi
Asian Spine Journal.2026; 20(1): 52. CrossRef
Disuse Bone Loss in Fusion Constructs After Multilevel Lumbar Fusion: A Computed Tomography Hounsfield Unit Analysis
Hyun-Jun Jang, Dongkyu Kim, Bong-Ju Moon, Kyung-Hyun Kim, Jeong-Yoon Park, Sung-Uk Kuh, Keun-Su Kim, Dong-Kyu Chin
Neurospine.2026; 23(1): 176. CrossRef
Abdominal aortic calcification and functional recovery in patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective cohort study
Shangshu Wei, Sizheng Zhan, Yanjun Huang, Danning Lu, Chenxu Liu, Haoning Ma, Ping Yi, Xiangsheng Tang
European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
S1 vertebral Hounsfield Unit value independently predicts pedicle screw loosening after posterior lumbar interbody fusion in patients with lumbar degenerative diseases
Han Ke, Minghui Liang, Yu Xi, Ruiyuan Chen, Congying Zou, Tianyi Wang, Aobo Wang, Ziqian Ma, Ning Fan, Shuo Yuan, Lei Zang
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Xiaoteng Li, Fengzi Lv, Xin Tang, Peng Jia, Yang Gao
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NASS/Neurospine Endoscopic Spine Surgery Special Issue

Biportal Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Double Cages: Surgical Techniques and Treatment Outcomes: Jwo-Luen Pao; Neurospine 2023;20(1):80-91. Published online March 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2346036.018

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Biportal Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Double Cages: Surgical Techniques and Treatment Outcomes

Neurospine. 2023;20(1):80-91. Published online March 31, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2346036.018

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Biportal Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Double Cages: Surgical Techniques and Treatment Outcomes

Neurospine. 2023;20(1):80-91. Published online March 31, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2346036.018

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Objective
To describe the surgical techniques and the treatment outcomes of biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (BETLIF) using double cages.
Methods
This study included 89 patients with 114 fusion segments between July 2019 and May 2021. One pure polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage and 1 composite titanium-PEEK cage were used for interbody fusion. Clinical outcomes measures included visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for lower back pain and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores. Computed tomography (CT) of the lumbar spine 1 year postoperatively was used to evaluate the Bridwell interbody fusion grades.
Results
There were significant improvement in VAS for lower back pain from 5.2 ± 3.1 to 1.7 ± 2.1, VAS for leg pain from 6.3 ± 2.5 to 1.7 ± 2.0, ODI from 46.7 ± 17.0 to 12.7 ± 16.1, and JOA score from 15.6 ± 6.3 to 26.4 ± 3.2. The p-values were all < 0.001. The average hospital stay was 5.7 ± 1.1 days. The CT studies available for 60 fusion segments showed successful fusion (Bridwell grade I or grade II) in 56 segments (93.3%). Significant cage subsidence of more than 2 mm was only noted in 3 segments (5.0%). Complications included 1 dural tear, 2 pedicle screws malposition, and 2 epidural hematomas, in which 2 patients required reoperations.
Conclusion
BETLIF with double cages provided good neural decompression and a sound environment for interbody fusion with a big cage footprint, a large amount of bone graft, endplate preservation, and segmental stability.

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Prevalence, Distribution, and Concomitance of Whole-Spine Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Ossification of the Ligament Flavum in South Koreans: A Whole-Spine-CT-Based Cross-Sectional Study: Yun Hee Choi, Je Hoon Lee, Young Min Kwon; Neurospine 2022;19(4):1108-1115. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2244700.350

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Prevalence, Distribution, and Concomitance of Whole-Spine Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Ossification of the Ligament Flavum in South Koreans: A Whole-Spine-CT-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Neurospine. 2022;19(4):1108-1115. Published online December 31, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2244700.350

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Prevalence, Distribution, and Concomitance of Whole-Spine Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Ossification of the Ligament Flavum in South Koreans: A Whole-Spine-CT-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Neurospine. 2022;19(4):1108-1115. Published online December 31, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2244700.350

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Objective
No studies assessing the prevalence of ossification of the spinal ligament were conducted using whole-spine positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) in healthy Koreans. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and ossification of the ligament flavum (OLF) in healthy Koreans using whole-body PET-CT.
Methods
We reviewed whole-body PET-CT images captured during general health checkups at the General Health Promotion Center of our institution from January 2015 to 2020. OPLL and OLF were identified by the presence of heterotopic ossification in the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligament flavum on axial and sagittal PET-CT images.
Results
A total of 1,934 adults (1,645 men, 289 women) were included. The mean age was 48.05 years (range, 28–86 years). Among the 1,934 patients, 173 had OPLL (8.9%). The most commonly involved cervical vertebra levels arranged according to frequency were C4, C5, C3, and C6. OLF was observed in 125 patients (6.5%). The most commonly involved thoracic levels were T10, T11, and T5. The prevalence of OPLL and OLF was the highest in patients aged 60–69 years. Among the C-OPLL patients, 15.1% had T-OPLL, 5.0% had L-OPLL, and 25.8% had T-OLF.
Conclusion
Our study revealed the prevalence of OPLL and OLF in healthy Korean subjects. It was consistent with that in other Asian countries. The presence of OPLL and OLF at most locations correlated with the presence or absence of spinal ossification at other locations.

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Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration on Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Novel Computed Tomography Classification Study: Ai Okamoto, Yasuhiro Takeshima, Shohei Yokoyama, Fumihiko Nishimura, Ichiro Nakagawa, Young-Soo Park, Hiroyuki Nakase; Neurospine 2022;19(2):393-401. Published online May 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2143258.629

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Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration on Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Novel Computed Tomography Classification Study

Neurospine. 2022;19(2):393-401. Published online May 13, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2143258.629

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Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration on Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Novel Computed Tomography Classification Study

Neurospine. 2022;19(2):393-401. Published online May 13, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2143258.629

Close

Objective
To evaluate cervical facet joint degeneration using a newly developed classification, investigate its prevalence and relationship with cervical degenerative spondylolisthesis, and clarify its clinical significance in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM).
Methods
This study included 145 consecutive patients with DCM who underwent surgical treatment. Clinical variables and radiological findings were analyzed. A new 6-grade computed tomography (CT) classification for cervical facet joint degeneration was adapted, and its prevalence was evaluated by categorizing the joints into those at responsible and those at nonresponsible spinal segmental levels. We evaluated the association between rapidly progressive myelopathy and the presence of significant facet joint degeneration or spondylolisthesis at the responsible segmental level.
Results
Finally, 140 patients with a mean age of 64.1 ± 12.8 years were analyzed. The prevalence of grade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5A, and 5B classification in all facet joints was 72.0%, 9.5%, 10.9%, 4.3%, 2.9%, and 0.4%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of CT grades between the joints at the responsible and nonresponsible segmental levels (p < 0.001), with a high prevalence of grade 4 or 5B degeneration at the responsible segmental level, reflecting articular irregularity. There was also a statistically significant relationship between rapidly progressive myelopathy and grade 4 or 5B degeneration at the responsible segmental level (p < 0.001), but not between rapidly progressive myelopathy and spondylolisthesis (p = 0.255).
Conclusion
This novel CT classification for facet joints deserves additional evaluation in patients with DCM. Abnormal findings on the articular surfaces might be related to the progression of myelopathy.

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Predictive Value of Heterogeneously Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings With Computed Tomography Evidence of Calcification for Severe Motor Deficits in Spinal Meningioma: Kosei Ono, Takayoshi Shimizu, Shunsuke Fujibayashi, Bungo Otsuki, Koichi Murata, Akio Sakamoto, Shuichi Matsuda; Neurospine 2021;18(1):163-169. Published online December 4, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2040494.247

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Predictive Value of Heterogeneously Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings With Computed Tomography Evidence of Calcification for Severe Motor Deficits in Spinal Meningioma

Neurospine. 2021;18(1):163-169. Published online December 4, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2040494.247

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Predictive Value of Heterogeneously Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings With Computed Tomography Evidence of Calcification for Severe Motor Deficits in Spinal Meningioma

Neurospine. 2021;18(1):163-169. Published online December 4, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2040494.247

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Objective
Spinal meningioma is mostly benign, but they can exhibit neurological deficit. The relationship between neurological impairment and its radiographic findings, including intratumor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gadolinium enhancement and calcification in computed tomography (CT) scan, has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of preoperative image findings with neurological status in spinal meningioma.
Methods
Patients histologically diagnosed with spinal meningioma (n = 24), with an average age of 65.4 years, were included. The patients were classified into 2 groups, the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, based on the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI findings. Further, baseline demographics (age, sex, presence of preoperative paralysis [manual muscle testing 3 or worse neurological deficit in upper and/or lower limbs], tumor level, tumor length, and tumor occupation ratio), histological findings (Ki-67 index and histological subtypes), and CT findings (presence of intratumor calcification and Hounsfield unit [HU] value) were examined.
Results
Preoperative paralysis was observed in 33.3% (8 of 24) of the patients. These patients exhibited frequent heterogeneous contrast-enhanced MRI findings than those without preoperative paralysis (57.1% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.040). Further, preoperative paralysis did not associate with tumor level, tumor length, tumor-occupied ratio, Ki-67 index, and histological subtypes. The heterogeneous group showed 100% intratumor calcification and higher maximum HU than the homogeneous group (1,109.8 vs. 379.2, p = 0.001).
Conclusion
The heterogeneous contrast-induced MRI findings in the spinal meningioma were significantly associated with preoperative neurological impairment. Moreover, the intratumor contrast-deficient region in the heterogeneously enhanced tumors reflected marked calcification. The tumor hardness due to calcification may be related to preoperative neurological deficit.

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Comparison of surgical and clinical outcomes between ventral and dorsal/lateral thoracic intradural extramedullary meningiomas: a retrospective study
Yu Suematsu, Narihito Nagoshi, Toshiki Okubo, Masahiro Ozaki, Satoshi Suzuki, Kazuki Takeda, Takahito Iga, Morio Matsumoto, Masaya Nakamura, Kota Watanabe
Spinal Cord.2026; 64(2): 186. CrossRef
Risk factors for preoperative neurological impairment in patients with spinal meningioma: A retrospective multicenter study
Eijiro Onishi, Shunsuke Fujibayashi, Bungo Otsuki, Naoya Tsubouchi, Ryosuke Tsutumi, Masato Ota, Yusuke Kanba, Hiroaki Kimura, Yasuyuki Tamaki, Norimasa Ikeda, Shintaro Honda, Soichiro Masuda, Takayoshi Shimizu, Takashi Sono, Koichi Murata, Tadashi Yasuda
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2024; 126: 187. CrossRef
MAC-spinal meningioma score: A proposal for a quick-to-use scoring sheet of the MIB-1 index in sporadic spinal meningiomas
Johannes Wach, Motaz Hamed, Tim Lampmann, Ági Güresir, Frederic Carsten Schmeel, Albert J. Becker, Ulrich Herrlinger, Hartmut Vatter, Erdem Güresir
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Unsuccessful external validation of the MAC-score for predicting increased MIB-1 index in patients with spinal meningiomas
Victor Gabriel El-Hajj, Alexander Fletcher-Sandersjöö, Jenny Pettersson-Segerlind, Erik Edström, Adrian Elmi-Terander
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Knowledge on Spinal Meningiomas Epidemiology, Tumor Characteristics and Non-Surgical Treatment Options: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis (Part 1)
Victor Gabriel El-Hajj, Jenny Pettersson-Segerlind, Alexander Fletcher-Sandersjöö, Erik Edström, Adrian Elmi-Terander
Cancers.2022; 14(24): 6251. CrossRef

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Preoperative Design for the Posterolateral Approach in Full-Endoscopic Spine Surgery for the Treatment of L5/S1 Lumbar Disc Herniation: Muneyoshi Fujita, Hirotaka Kawano, Tomoaki Kitagawa, Hiroki Iwai, Yuichi Takano, Hirohiko Inanami, Hisashi Koga; Neurospine 2019;16(1):105-112. Published online March 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836316.158

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Preoperative Design for the Posterolateral Approach in Full-Endoscopic Spine Surgery for the Treatment of L5/S1 Lumbar Disc Herniation

Neurospine. 2019;16(1):105-112. Published online March 31, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836316.158

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Preoperative Design for the Posterolateral Approach in Full-Endoscopic Spine Surgery for the Treatment of L5/S1 Lumbar Disc Herniation

Neurospine. 2019;16(1):105-112. Published online March 31, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836316.158

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Objective
Full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS) is a relatively less invasive treatment for lumbar disc herniation (LDH). This study investigated the optimal operative route of the posterolateral approach (PLA) of FESS for the treatment of L5/S1 LDH.
Methods
Between June 2016 and November 2018, a total of 21 patients with leg pain due to L5/S1 LDH underwent PLA of FESS. According to the partial removal of the superior articular process (SAP) of the L5/S1 facet joint (FJ), we categorized these patients into 2 groups. LDH type, anatomical configurations (FJ, sacral ala [SA], and iliac crest [IC]), the presence or absence of spondylolysis, operation time, and operative outcome were compared between these 2 groups.
Results
Although the anatomical configuration of the FJ was the most important factor for the necessity of SAP removal, the configuration of the SA and IC did not restrict endoscope insertion and subsequent LDH removal. Even in intracanal LDH, the removal of SAP was not absolutely required depending on the FJ configuration. Furthermore, the presence of spondylolysis was a factor associated with the unnecessity of SAP removal.
Conclusion
Detailed radiological examination of the FJ configuration is an important preoperative investigation to determine the optimal operative route for PLA of FESS.

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How dimensions can guide surgical planning and training: a systematic review of Kambin’s triangle
Romaric Waguia Kouam, Troy Q. Tabarestani, David A. W. Sykes, Nithin Gupta, Brittany G. Futch, Elisabeth Kakmou, C. Rory Goodwin, Norah A. Foster, Khoi D. Than, Walter F. Wiggins, Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr
Neurosurgical Focus.2023; 54(1): E6. CrossRef
A Modified Endoscopic Access for Lumbar Foraminal Pathologies; Posterolateral “Intertransverse” Endoscopic Approach to Minimize Postoperative Dysesthesia Following Transforaminal Approach
Farah N. Musharbash, Sang Hun Lee
Neurospine.2023; 20(1): 150. CrossRef
Novel Approach to Percutaneous Lumbar Surgeries via Kambin's Triangle—Radiographic and Surgical Planning Analysis with Nerve Segmentation Technology
Troy Q. Tabarestani, David A.W. Sykes, Romaric W. Kouam, David S. Salven, Timothy Y. Wang, Vikram A. Mehta, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Walter F. Wiggins, John H. Chi, Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr
World Neurosurgery.2023; 177: e385. CrossRef
Comparison of Outcomes of Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Full-endoscopic Laminectomy for L5 Radiculopathy Caused by Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
Muneyoshi FUJITA, Takahiro INUI, Yasushi OSHIMA, Hiroki IWAI, Hirohiko INANAMI, Hisashi KOGA
Neurologia medico-chirurgica.2022; 62(6): 270. CrossRef
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Tsuyoshi Harakuni, Hiroki Iwai, Yasushi Oshima, Hirokazu Inoue, Tomoaki Kitagawa, Hirohiko Inanami, Hisashi Koga
Medicina.2020; 56(9): 478. CrossRef

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Morphological Patterns of the Anterior Median Fissure in the Cervical Spinal Cord Evaluated by Computed Tomography After Myelography: Yuki Oichi, Junya Hanakita, Toshiyuki Takahashi, Manabu Minami, Taigo Kawaoka, Yusuke Funakoshi, Takeshi Kawauchi, Yasufumi Ohtake; Neurospine 2018;15(4):388-393. Published online September 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836112.056

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Morphological Patterns of the Anterior Median Fissure in the Cervical Spinal Cord Evaluated by Computed Tomography After Myelography

Neurospine. 2018;15(4):388-393. Published online September 4, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836112.056

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Morphological Patterns of the Anterior Median Fissure in the Cervical Spinal Cord Evaluated by Computed Tomography After Myelography

Neurospine. 2018;15(4):388-393. Published online September 4, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836112.056

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Objective
Computed tomography following myelography (CTM) revealed an unusual flow of contrast dye into the anterior median fissure (AMF) in a patient with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Since then, several AMF configurations have been observed on CTM. Therefore, we evaluated morphological patterns of the AMF on CTM and investigated the significance and mechanisms of contrast dye flow into the AMF.
Methods
Morphological patterns of the AMF on CTM were examined in 79 patients. Group A (24 patients) underwent surgery because of symptomatic cervical myelopathy. Group B (43 patients) had no clinical symptoms but showed spinal cord compression on CTM. Group C (12 patients), who showed neither clinical symptoms nor cord changes, underwent CTM for lumbar lesion evaluation. AMF patterns were classified into 4 types according to their configurations on CTM (reversed T, Y, V, and O types).
Results
In group B, the reversed T type and Y type appeared significantly more often near the compressed portion (p<0.001). A similar tendency was seen in group A. The V and O types were most frequently observed in group C (p<0.001).
Conclusion
On CTM, contrast dye tends to flow into the AMF of the cervical cord when the spinal cord is compressed. We speculate that there may be 3 possible mechanisms for this phenomenon: deformation of the epipial layer of the AMF due to cervical cord compression, AMF dilatation due to atrophy of the anterior funiculus or anterior horn, and temporary AMF dilatation when it becomes an alternative route for cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

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MRI T2-Hyperintense Signal Structures in the Cervical Spinal Cord: Anterior Median Fissure versus Central Canal in Chiari and Control—An Exploratory Pilot Analysis
T.A. Tomsick, L.L. Wang, M. Zuccarello, A.J. Ringer
American Journal of Neuroradiology.2021; 42(4): 801. CrossRef
Anatomical disposition of the anterior spinal artery and vein: Subpial or subarachnoid?
Katsuhiro Mizutani, Georges Rodesch
Interventional Neuroradiology.2020; 26(6): 706. CrossRef

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Study of the Transverse Foramen in the Subaxial Cervical Spine in Korean Patients With Degenerative Changes: An Anatomical Note: Hridayesh Pratap Malla, Sung Bum Kim, Jun Sung Won, Man Kyu Choi; Neurospine 2018;15(2):163-168. Published online June 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836004.022

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Study of the Transverse Foramen in the Subaxial Cervical Spine in Korean Patients With Degenerative Changes: An Anatomical Note

Neurospine. 2018;15(2):163-168. Published online June 19, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836004.022

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Study of the Transverse Foramen in the Subaxial Cervical Spine in Korean Patients With Degenerative Changes: An Anatomical Note

Neurospine. 2018;15(2):163-168. Published online June 19, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836004.022

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Objective
The purpose of this study was to provide anatomical data on the dimensions and location of the subaxial transverse foramen (TF) in relation to surgical landmarks routinely used during anterior cervical procedures.
Methods
A total of 116 patients who underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) evaluations for degenerative cervical disease were enrolled. Axial and coronal CT images of the cervical vertebrae from C3 to C6 were analyzed to measure interforaminal distance, the TF distance from the anterior and posterior vertebral body margin, TF dimensions, and the TF medial margin from the tip and medial margin of the uncus. Comparative and correlative analyses were also performed according to age, body mass index (BMI), and sex.
Results
All measurement values in male patients were larger than those in their female counterparts. The interforaminal distance gradually increased from C3 to C6. The distance of the TF medial margin from the tip of the uncus was found be above approximately 3 mm in all vertebrae except C6. Correlation analysis revealed that age had a significant negative relationship with the transverse diameter of TF. In contrast, BMI had a significant positive correlation with interforaminal distance. Moreover, the distances of the TF medial margin from the tip and medial margin of the uncus showed strong negative correlations with age.
Conclusion
Useful morphometric data were obtained that may help the operating surgeon to avoid vertebral artery injury. The safe distance from the tip of the uncus to the TF medial margin was found to be approximately 3 mm, and this distance should not be violated during lateral decompression. In addition, this value may decrease with age.

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Aung K. Zaw, Samuel O. Olojede, Sodiq K. Lawal, Ugochukwu Offor, Edwin C.S. Naidu, Carmen O. Rennie, Onyemaechi O. Azu
Translational Research in Anatomy.2021; 22: 100099. CrossRef
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Arada Chaiyamoon, Supataechasit Yannasithinon, Surachai Sae-Jung, Rarinthorn Samrid, Tipsuda Thongbuakaew, Sitthichai Iamsaard
Asian Spine Journal.2021; 15(5): 557. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Iatrogenic Vertebral Artery Injury in Cervical Spine Surgery: 21 Multicenter Studies
Chang-Hyun Lee, Jae Taek Hong, Dong Ho Kang, Ki-Jeong Kim, Sang-Woo Kim, Seok Won Kim, Young Jin Kim, Chun Kee Chung, Jun Jae Shin, Jae Keun Oh, Seong Yi, Jung Kil Lee, Jun Ho Lee, Ho Jin Lee, Hyoung-Joon Chun, Dae-Chul Cho, Yong Jun Jin, Kyung-Chul Choi,
World Neurosurgery.2019; 126: e1050. CrossRef
Risk assessment of vertebral artery injury in anterior controllable antedisplacement and fusion (ACAF) surgery: a cadaveric and radiologic study
Qing-Jie Kong, Xiao-Fei Sun, Yuan Wang, Jing-Chuan Sun, Pei-Dong Sun, Hong-di Lv, Zi-qin Wang, Xi-Ming Xu, Yong-Fei Guo, Jian-Gang Shi
European Spine Journal.2019; 28(10): 2417. CrossRef

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Crowned Dens Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature: Gwang Soo Lee, Ra Sun Kim, Hyung Ki Park, Jae Chil Chang; Korean J Spine 2014;11(1):15-17. Published online March 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2014.11.1.15

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Crowned Dens Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Korean J Spine. 2014;11(1):15-17. Published online March 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2014.11.1.15

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Crowned Dens Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Korean J Spine. 2014;11(1):15-17. Published online March 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2014.11.1.15

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The crowned dens syndrome (CDS), also known as periodontoid calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystal deposition disease, is typified clinically by severe cervical pain, neck stiffness and atlantoaxial synovial calcification which could be misdiagnosed as meningitis, epidural abscess, polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cervical spondylitis or metastatic spinal tumor. Crystalline deposition on cervical vertebrae is less well known disease entity and only a limited number of cases have been reported to date. Authors report a case of CDS and describe the clinical feature.

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Diagnosis of Cervical OPLL in Lateral Radiograph and MRI: Is it Reliable?: Moo Sung Kang, Jae Wook Lee, Ho Yeol Zhang, Yong Eun Cho, Young Mok Park; Korean J Spine 2012;9(3):205-208. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2012.9.3.205

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Diagnosis of Cervical OPLL in Lateral Radiograph and MRI: Is it Reliable?

Korean J Spine. 2012;9(3):205-208. Published online September 30, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2012.9.3.205

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Diagnosis of Cervical OPLL in Lateral Radiograph and MRI: Is it Reliable?

Korean J Spine. 2012;9(3):205-208. Published online September 30, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2012.9.3.205

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Objective

Cervical OPLL is a relatively common cause of developing cervical myelopathy or radiculopathy in Asians. Cervical OPLL is sometimes missed in lateral radiography or MRI. In the present study, we analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of cervical OPLL in lateral radiography and MRI compared to CT scan.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of forty-six patients who underwent decompressive surgery anteriorly or posteriorly in our institute. All patients were diagnosed with cervical OPLL by CT scan. The patients were grouped into continuous type, segmental type, mixed type, and localized type. We then evaluated lateral radiographs and MRI compared to CT scans. The diagnostic accuracy and false negative rates in lateral radiograph and MRI were evaluated.

Results

In a total of 46 patients diagnosed with cervical OPLL in CT scans, diagnostic accuracy using lateral radiograph and MRI were 52.2%(24/46) and 58.7%(27/46), respectively. In the continuous type group, diagnostic accuracy using lateral radiograph and MRI were 85.7%(6/7) and 100.0%(7/7). In the segmental type group, diagnostic accuracy using lateral radiograph and MRI were 27.3%(6/22) and 31.8%(7/22). In the mixed type group, diagnostic accuracy was 91.7%(11/12) in lateral radiograph and 83.3%(10/12) in MRI. In the localized group, diagnostic accuracy was 20.0%(1/5) in lateral radiograph and 60.0%(3/5) in MRI.

Conclusion

The diagnostic accuracy of cervical OPLL using lateral radiograph and MRI was less than using CT scan. For the best treatment plan, preoperative CT scan should be performed to detect conditions of ossifications such as cervical OPLL.

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