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"Facet joint"

Original Articles

Effectiveness of a Facet Joint Block Versus a Medial Branch Block in Spinal Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sung Hyeon Noh, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Dong Ah Shin, Je Hwi Yun, Pyung Goo Cho, Sang Hyun Kim
Neurospine 2025;22(2):441-450.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2550384.192

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Effectiveness of a Facet Joint Block Versus a Medial Branch Block in Spinal Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Neurospine. 2025;22(2):441-450.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2550384.192
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Effectiveness of a Facet Joint Block Versus a Medial Branch Block in Spinal Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Neurospine. 2025;22(2):441-450.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2550384.192
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Objective
Facet joint injections (FJIs) and medial branch blocks (MBBs) are commonly used interventions for chronic spinal pain, but their comparative effectiveness remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the pain relief, functional improvement, complications, and patient satisfaction associated with FJI and MBB.
Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies were conducted. Primary outcomes included pain relief (numerical rating scale) and functional improvement (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]/Neck Disability Index). Secondary outcomes assessed adverse effects and patient satisfaction. The differences in characteristics between patients who were readmitted and those who were not were identified and analyzed using the Review Manager software.
Results
FJI resulted in lower pain and ODI scores compared to MBB, but the differences were not statistically significant. However, patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the FJI group (odds ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.24; p=0.04). Additionally, FJI had fewer adverse effects than MBB.
Conclusion
Both FJI and MBB are effective for chronic spinal pain, but FJI may be preferred for patients seeking immediate pain relief with fewer complications. Further high-quality studies are needed to refine treatment guidelines.
  • 14,427 View
  • 185 Download
  • 1 Web of Science

Degenerative Spinal Diseases

Correlation Between the Spinopelvic Parameters and Morphological Characteristics of Pedicle-Facet Joints in Different Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Baoqiang He, Yebo Leng, Shicai Xu, Yang Li, Jiajun Zhou, Min Kang, Yehui Liao, Minghao Tian, Qiang Tang, Fei Ma, Qing Wang, Chao Tang, Dejun Zhong
Neurospine 2025;22(1):231-242.   Published online March 31, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2448900.450

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Correlation Between the Spinopelvic Parameters and Morphological Characteristics of Pedicle-Facet Joints in Different Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Neurospine. 2025;22(1):231-242.   Published online March 31, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2448900.450
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Correlation Between the Spinopelvic Parameters and Morphological Characteristics of Pedicle-Facet Joints in Different Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Neurospine. 2025;22(1):231-242.   Published online March 31, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2448900.450
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Objective
Based on spinopelvic parameters and biomechanical principles, the pedicle-facet joint (PFJ) morphological characteristics of isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis were analyzed, and the mechanism of their onset and progression was discussed.
Methods
This retrospective cross-sectional study included 194 patients with L5 spondylolysis or L5–S1 low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis (IS group), 172 patients with L4–5 degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS group), and 366 patients with nonlumbar spondylolysis (NL group). The spinopelvic parameters and PFJ morphological parameters of the patients were measured, the differences in these parameters among and within the 3 groups were compared, and the correlations were analyzed.
Results
Sacral slope (SS) and lumbar lordosis (LL) were the highest in the IS group, the second highest in the DS group, and the lowest in the NL group. Among the 3 groups, the L4 facet joint angle (FJA) was the largest in the IS group, the second largest in the NL group, and the smallest in the DS group. The L4 pedicle-facet joint angle (PFA) was the largest in the DS group, the second largest in the IS group, and the smallest in the NL group. Pearson correlation analysis showed that within each group, SS and LL were negatively correlated with FJA and positively correlated with PFA.
Conclusion
This study found a correlation between the PFJ morphological characteristics of patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis and spinopelvic parameters, suggesting that the morphological characteristics of PFJs may be caused by varying stresses under different spinopelvic morphologies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Risk factors for recurrent lumbar disc herniation after percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: the role of spinopelvic parameters and facet joint degeneration
    Xiangdong Gong, Shiyong Wang, Rubin Yao, Lirong Ren, Shaobo Li, Baojia Yang, Jianrong He, Zhongjie Li, Feifei Liu, Yushan Ruan, Kaishun Yang, Ming zhang
    European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 4,120 View
  • 119 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
Facet Articular Irregularity Is the Most Relevant Risk Factor for Rapidly Progressive Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Yasuhiro Takeshima, Ai Okamoto, Shohei Yokoyama, Fumihiko Nishimura, Ichiro Nakagawa, Young-Soo Park, Hiroyuki Nakase
Neurospine 2023;20(1):365-373.   Published online March 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2245004.502

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Facet Articular Irregularity Is the Most Relevant Risk Factor for Rapidly Progressive Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Neurospine. 2023;20(1):365-373.   Published online March 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2245004.502
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Facet Articular Irregularity Is the Most Relevant Risk Factor for Rapidly Progressive Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Neurospine. 2023;20(1):365-373.   Published online March 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2245004.502
Close
Objective
Facet articular irregularity is associated with rapidly progressive degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). However, its significance compared with other known risk factors remains unknown. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to clarify the potential impact of facet articular irregularity as a risk factor for rapid DCM progression.
Methods
This study included 141 consecutive patients with DCM who underwent surgical treatment at our institution. Clinical variables and radiological findings related to DCM progression were collected. Imaging findings were analyzed at the segmental level of myelopathy in each case. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of rapid DCM progression, and independent risk factors were determined using logistic regression analyses.
Results
Overall, 131 patients with a mean age of 63.9 ± 12.6 years were analyzed; 27 patients (20.6%) were classified into the rapid DCM progression group. The mean age was significantly higher in the rapid progression group than in the slow progression group (72.4 ± 9.6 vs. 61.7 ± 12.4, p < 0.001). According to univariate analysis, facet articular irregularity, dynamic segmental translation (≥ 1.6 mm), upper cervical spine involvement above C4–5, history of cerebrovascular events, preceding minor trauma, local lordotic angle (≥ 4.5°), diabetes, hypertension, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, and age were independent risk factors. Additionally, multivariate analysis showed that facet articular irregularity was the highest risk factor for rapid DCM progression (p = 0.001).
Conclusion
Facet articular irregularity is the most clinically significant finding among the known risk factors in patients with rapid DCM progression.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Prevalence and distribution of cervical facet joint degeneration in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy without/with instability and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament-a comparative study
    Yuchen Zhang, Chao Li, Quanmin Dong, Junyuan Sun, Chao Zhou, Xing Chen, Yonghao Tian, Suomao Yuan, Xinyu Liu, Lianlei Wang
    European Spine Journal.2025; 34(4): 1229.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Rapidly Progressive Sensory Neuropathy
    Chiara Scopice, Jane Louie, Claudia J Chaves, Hiren Patel, Clement Lee
    Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Advancing Precision Medicine in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
    Abdul Al-Shawwa, David W. Cadotte
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(23): 8344.     CrossRef
  • Cervical facet joint degeneration, facet joint angle, and paraspinal muscle degeneration are correlated with degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis at C4/5: a propensity score-matched study
    Yuliang Wu, Jiajun Wu, Tianyu Qin, Bo Sun, Zhengqi Huang, Shun Han, Wanli Zheng, Mingxi Zhu, Bo Gao, Wei Ye
    The Spine Journal.2024; 24(12): 2232.     CrossRef
  • Novel Risk Factors for Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: Correlation with Cervical Sagittal Alignment and Bone Mineral Density
    Yuliang Wu, Bo Sun, Zhengqi Huang, Weitao Han, Wanli Zheng, Chao Zhang, Shun Han, Shuangxing Li, Bo Gao, Wei Ye
    World Neurosurgery.2024; 185: e850.     CrossRef
  • Exploration of the correlation between facet joints cross-sectional area asymmetry and cervical disc herniation
    Weijie Yu, Xinyu Wan, Yihan Zhang, Xianlong Yue, Mengxian Jia, Minghang Chen, Jiaxin Lai, Guoting Xu, Honglin Teng
    European Spine Journal.2024; 33(8): 3008.     CrossRef
  • 7,428 View
  • 181 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration on Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Novel Computed Tomography Classification Study
Ai Okamoto, Yasuhiro Takeshima, Shohei Yokoyama, Fumihiko Nishimura, Ichiro Nakagawa, Young-Soo Park, Hiroyuki Nakase
Neurospine 2022;19(2):393-401.   Published online May 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2143258.629

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Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration on Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Novel Computed Tomography Classification Study
Neurospine. 2022;19(2):393-401.   Published online May 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2143258.629
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Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration on Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Novel Computed Tomography Classification Study
Neurospine. 2022;19(2):393-401.   Published online May 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2143258.629
Close
Objective
To evaluate cervical facet joint degeneration using a newly developed classification, investigate its prevalence and relationship with cervical degenerative spondylolisthesis, and clarify its clinical significance in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM).
Methods
This study included 145 consecutive patients with DCM who underwent surgical treatment. Clinical variables and radiological findings were analyzed. A new 6-grade computed tomography (CT) classification for cervical facet joint degeneration was adapted, and its prevalence was evaluated by categorizing the joints into those at responsible and those at nonresponsible spinal segmental levels. We evaluated the association between rapidly progressive myelopathy and the presence of significant facet joint degeneration or spondylolisthesis at the responsible segmental level.
Results
Finally, 140 patients with a mean age of 64.1 ± 12.8 years were analyzed. The prevalence of grade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5A, and 5B classification in all facet joints was 72.0%, 9.5%, 10.9%, 4.3%, 2.9%, and 0.4%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of CT grades between the joints at the responsible and nonresponsible segmental levels (p < 0.001), with a high prevalence of grade 4 or 5B degeneration at the responsible segmental level, reflecting articular irregularity. There was also a statistically significant relationship between rapidly progressive myelopathy and grade 4 or 5B degeneration at the responsible segmental level (p < 0.001), but not between rapidly progressive myelopathy and spondylolisthesis (p = 0.255).
Conclusion
This novel CT classification for facet joints deserves additional evaluation in patients with DCM. Abnormal findings on the articular surfaces might be related to the progression of myelopathy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Degenerative characteristics of the subaxial cervical spine in patients with degenerative lateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis: A propensity score-matched study based on computed tomography imaging
    Shun Han, Yuliang Wu, Haotian Tian, Bo Sun, Songbo Gao, Weitao Han, Zhengqi Huang, Xiaohe Zhang, Yan Peng, Youxi Lin, Wei Ye
    Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine.2026; 17(2): 125.     CrossRef
  • The Relationship Between Craniocervical Morphology and the Presence and Level of Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration
    Ebru Torun, Yavuz Yuksel
    Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2025; 49(1): 147.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and distribution of cervical facet joint degeneration in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy without/with instability and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament-a comparative study
    Yuchen Zhang, Chao Li, Quanmin Dong, Junyuan Sun, Chao Zhou, Xing Chen, Yonghao Tian, Suomao Yuan, Xinyu Liu, Lianlei Wang
    European Spine Journal.2025; 34(4): 1229.     CrossRef
  • Lower C2 slope and milder uncovertebral joint degeneration are risk factors for pseudarthrosis after single-level anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF): retrospective study of 102 patients with minimum 2-year follow-up
    Haoxiang Wang, Tian Xia, Ruomu Qu, Hanbo Geng, Yu Sun, Fengshan Zhang, Shengfa Pan, Xin Chen, Yanbin Zhao, Feifei Zhou
    Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A narrative review of surgical approaches in cervical degenerative myelopathy and update of the algorithm for decision making
    Majid Reza Farrokhi, Seyed Reza Mousavi, Abbas Khosravifarsani, Jaloliddin Mavlonov, Mohammadhadi Amir Shahpari Motlagh, Seyed Bahram Seif, Armin Akbarzadeh
    Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Multicenter analysis of long-term clinical outcomes of an algorithmic approach to selecting ventral decompressive-stabilizing procedures in two-level degenerative cervical spine disease
    Alexander V. Kukharev, Andrei A. Kalinin, Vadim A. Byvaltsev
    Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy.2025; 27(4): 501.     CrossRef
  • A possible correlation between facet orientation and development of degenerative cervical spinal stenosis
    Haimiti Abudouaini, Junsong Yang, Kaiyuan Lin, Yibing Meng, Hong Zhang, Sibo Wang
    BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Novel Risk Factors for Cervical Facet Joint Degeneration in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: Correlation with Cervical Sagittal Alignment and Bone Mineral Density
    Yuliang Wu, Bo Sun, Zhengqi Huang, Weitao Han, Wanli Zheng, Chao Zhang, Shun Han, Shuangxing Li, Bo Gao, Wei Ye
    World Neurosurgery.2024; 185: e850.     CrossRef
  • A Novel CT Assessment for Facet Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
    Ai Okamoto, Yasuhiro Takeshima, Shohei Yokoyama, Fumihiko Nishimura, Ichiro Nakagawa, Young-Soo Park, Hiroyuki Nakase
    Spinal Surgery.2024; 38(1): 78.     CrossRef
  • Spinal column radiological factors associated with increased spinal cord intramedullary signal intensity − A study evaluating aging spinal cord’s relation to spinal disc degeneration
    Alisha W. Sial, Stone Sima, Xiaolong Chen, Chris Saulys, Jeff Kuan, Mark Davies, Ashish D. Diwan
    Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2024; 126: 86.     CrossRef
  • Cervical facet joint degeneration, facet joint angle, and paraspinal muscle degeneration are correlated with degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis at C4/5: a propensity score-matched study
    Yuliang Wu, Jiajun Wu, Tianyu Qin, Bo Sun, Zhengqi Huang, Shun Han, Wanli Zheng, Mingxi Zhu, Bo Gao, Wei Ye
    The Spine Journal.2024; 24(12): 2232.     CrossRef
  • Facet Articular Irregularity Is the Most Relevant Risk Factor for Rapidly Progressive Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
    Yasuhiro Takeshima, Ai Okamoto, Shohei Yokoyama, Fumihiko Nishimura, Ichiro Nakagawa, Young-Soo Park, Hiroyuki Nakase
    Neurospine.2023; 20(1): 365.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Cervical Myelopathy Risk in Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Patients With Spinal Cord Compression Based on Segmental Dynamic Versus Static Factors
    Zhongyuan He, Nguyen Tran Canh Tung, Hiroto Makino, Taketoshi Yasuda, Shoji Seki, Kayo Suzuki, Kenta Watanabe, Hayato Futakawa, Katsuhiko Kamei, Yoshiharu Kawaguchi
    Neurospine.2023; 20(2): 651.     CrossRef
  • Degenerative changes in the intervertebral joints of the cervical spine after anterior interbody fusion and intervertebral disc arthroplasty
    Aleksandr Sergeyevich Eliseev, Andrey Evgenyevich Bokov, Sergey Gennadyevich Mlyavykh
    Russian Journal of Spine Surgery (Khirurgiya Pozvonochnika).2023; 20(3): 72.     CrossRef
  • Enhanced Intervertebral Disc Repair via Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Tetracycline Regulatory System
    Yeji Kim, Seong Bae An, Sang-Hyuk Lee, Jong Joo Lee, Sung Bum Kim, Jae-Cheul Ahn, Dong-Youn Hwang, Inbo Han
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(22): 16024.     CrossRef
  • 11,283 View
  • 278 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref

Case Reports

Synovial Chondromatosis of Dorsal Spine: Case Report of Rare Pathological Entity and Review
Raviraj S. Ghorpade, Yadhu K. Lokanath
Korean J Spine 2016;13(4):196-199.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2016.13.4.196

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Synovial Chondromatosis of Dorsal Spine: Case Report of Rare Pathological Entity and Review
Korean J Spine. 2016;13(4):196-199.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2016.13.4.196
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Synovial Chondromatosis of Dorsal Spine: Case Report of Rare Pathological Entity and Review
Korean J Spine. 2016;13(4):196-199.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2016.13.4.196
Close

Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon benign condition of metaplastic and focal formation of cartilage in the intimal layer of synovial membrane of joints with extremely low risk of malignant potential. Disease process is typically monoarticular predominantly involving large joints and spinal involvement being a very rare event. We report 31-year-old male patient who presented with history of low backache, left lower limb pain, difficulty in micturition since 8 months and difficulty in walking since 2 months .Magnetic resonance imaging of spine revealed D10-11 extradural lesion arising from left facet joint. Lesion was excised completely by posterior approach with resolution of symptoms. Literature reveals fourteen cases of spinal variant of synovial chondromatosis which has been published and this report represents the fifteenth case.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Primary extradural tumors of the spinal column
    Varun Arvind, Edin Nevzati, Maged Ghaly, Mansoor Nasim, Mazda Farshad, Roman Guggenberger, Daniel Sciubba, Alexander Spiessberger
    Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine.2021; 12(4): 336.     CrossRef
  • Anatomy and pathology of facet joint
    G. Almeer, C. Azzopardi, J. Kho, H. Gupta, S.L. James, R. Botchu
    Journal of Orthopaedics.2020; 22: 109.     CrossRef
  • 9,412 View
  • 112 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Desmoid Tumor of the Facet Joint: A Case Report
Han Ga Wi Nam, Seung-Myung Moon, Sei-Woong Jeon, Hyung Sik Hwang
Korean J Spine 2013;10(2):82-84.   Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2013.10.2.82

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Desmoid Tumor of the Facet Joint: A Case Report
Korean J Spine. 2013;10(2):82-84.   Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2013.10.2.82
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Desmoid Tumor of the Facet Joint: A Case Report
Korean J Spine. 2013;10(2):82-84.   Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2013.10.2.82
Close

Desmoid tumors represent a particular type of fibromatosis. The common sites for extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, known as aggressive fibromatosis, are the shoulder, chest wall, and thigh. Desmiod tumors are rare at facet joints of the spine. We describe a patient with a desmoid tumor of a lumbar facet joint.

Citations

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  • Desmoid tumors in neurosurgery: A review of the literature
    Philippe De Vloo, Jan De Vlieger, Vincent Vander Poorten, Raf Sciot, Johannes van Loon, Frank Van Calenbergh
    Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2015; 129: 78.     CrossRef
  • 10,206 View
  • 59 Download
  • 1 Crossref

Original Article

Clinical Usefulness of Disc Degeneration and Facet Joint Degeneration as an Indicator of Judgment for Lumbar Segmental Instability.
Ho Bum Lee, Chan Jong Yoo, Chan Woo Park, Sang Gu Lee, Woo Kyung Kim
Korean J Spine 2009;6(3):163-168.

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Clinical Usefulness of Disc Degeneration and Facet Joint Degeneration as an Indicator of Judgment for Lumbar Segmental Instability.
Korean J Spine. 2009;6(3):163-168.
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Clinical Usefulness of Disc Degeneration and Facet Joint Degeneration as an Indicator of Judgment for Lumbar Segmental Instability.
Korean J Spine. 2009;6(3):163-168.
Close
OBJECTIVE
Treatment for symptomatic lumbar stenosis is usually surgical decompression and additional global fusion is recommended for patients with segmental instability. The aim of this article is to evaluate that degeneration degree of the disc and facet joint could be the indicator of judgment for segmental instability.
METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed 84 patients who underwent surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. Patients in Group 1(30 patients) with radiological instability underwent decompression with global fusion, patients in Group 2(54 patients) without radiological instability underwent decompression with global fusion or decompression only according to the existence and nonexistence of clinical instability. Magnetic resonance images were used to assess the disc degeneration from Grade I(normal) to Grade V(advanced) and the facet joints degeneration from Grade 0(normal) to Grade 3(advanced). All patients were checked with the simple X-ray stress view and evaluated.
RESULTS
Severity of the disc degeneration had no significant association with the segmental instability, and no correlation with the facet joint degeneration. Severity of facet joint degeneration had significant correlation with the radiological instability. The segmental instability was increased with increasing severity of facet joint degeneration, especially tran slation. There was a significant association between facet joint degeneration and clinical instability. The facet joint degeneration was increased in patients with clinical instability.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that the facet joint degeneration may be the useful indicator of judgment for segmental instability
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