1. Ishimoto Y, Yoshimura N, Muraki S, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis and its association with physical performance in a population-based cohort in Japan: the Wakayama Spine Study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:1103-8.
4. Hasan S, Hofstetter CP. Endoscopic spine surgery past, present, and future. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013) 2019;77:75-84.
5. Brusko GD, Wang MY. Endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2020;31:17-24.
7. Ruetten S, Hahn P, Oezdemir S, et al. Full-endoscopic uniportal decompression in disc herniations and stenosis of the thoracic spine using the interlaminar, extraforaminal, or transthoracic retropleural approach. J Neurosurg Spine 2018;29:157-68.
12. Yasargil MG. Microsurgical operation of herniated lumbar disc. In: Wüllenweber R, Brock M, Hamer J, et al., editors. Lumbar disc adult hydrocephalus. Berlin: Springer; 1977. p. 81Advances in Neurosurgery, vol 4.
13. Caspar W. A new surgical procedure for lumbar disc herniation causing less tissue damage through a microsurgical approach. In: Wüllenweber R, Brock M, Hamer J, et al., editors. Lumbar disc adult hydrocephalus. Berlin: Springer; 1977. p. 74-80. Advances in Neurosurgery, vol 4.
14. Kambin P, Sampson S. Posterolateral percutaneous suctionexcision of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of interim results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986;(473):37-43.
15. Hijikata S. Percutaneous nucleotomy. A new concept technique and 12 years’ experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989;(238):9-23.
17. Kambin P, Nixon JE, Chait A, et al. Annular protrusion: pathophysiology and roentgenographic appearance. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1988;13:671-5.
18. Schreiber A, Suezawa Y, Leu H. Does percutaneous nucleotomy with discoscopy replace conventional discectomy? Eight years of experience and results in treatment of herniated lumbar disc. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989;(238):35-42.
20. Yeung AT. Minimally invasive disc surgery with the yeung endoscopic spine system (YESS). Surg Technol Int 1999;8:267-77.
21. Schwender JD, Holly LT, Rouben DP, et al. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF): technical feasibility and initial results. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005;18 Suppl:S1-6.
23. Choi KC, Lee JH, Kim JS, et al. Unsuccessful percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a single-center experience of 10 228 cases. Neurosurgery 2015;76:372-81.
24. Kim SK. Quantity of operators with Bhatia–Šemrl property. Linear Algebra Its Appl 2018;537:22-37.
25. Lin GX, Huang P, Kotheeranurak V, et al. A systematic review of unilateral biportal endoscopic spinal surgery: preliminary clinical results and complications. World Neurosurgery 2019;125:425-32.
26. De Antoni DJ, Claro ML, Poehling GG, et al. Translaminar lumbar epidural endoscopy: anatomy, technique, and indications. Arthroscopy 1996;12:330-4.
27. DeAntoni DJ, Claro ML, Poehling GG, et al. Translaminar lumbar epidural endoscopy: technique and clinical results. J South Orthop Assoc 1998;7:6-12.
28. Soliman HM. Irrigation endoscopic decompressive laminotomy. A new endoscopic approach for spinal stenosis decompression. Spine J 2015;15:2282-9.
29. Min WK, Kim JE, Choi DJ, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes between biportal endoscopic decompression and microscopic decompression in lumbar spinal stenosis. J Orthop Sci 2020;25:371-8.
30. Kim HS, Wu PH, Jang IT. Current and future of endoscopic spine surgery: what are the common procedures we have now and what lies ahead? World Neurosurg 2020;140:642-53.
31. Kim HS, Paudel B, Jang JS, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for all types of lumbar disc herniations (LDH) including severely difficult and extremely difficult LDH cases. Pain Physician 2018;21:E401-8.
33. Osman SG, Nibu K, Panjabi MM, et al. Transforaminal and posterior decompressions of the lumbar spine. A comparative study of stability and intervertebral foramen area. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:1690-5.
35. Sairyo K, Higashino K, Yamashita K, et al. A new concept of transforaminal ventral facetectomy including simultaneous decompression of foraminal and lateral recess stenosis: technical considerations in a fresh cadaver model and a literature review. J Med Invest 2017;64:1-6.
38. Yagi K, Kishima K, Tezuka F, et al. Advantages of revision transforaminal full-endoscopic spine surgery in patients who have previously undergone posterior spine surgery. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2022 Dec 5 doi:
10.1055/a-1877-0594. [Epub].
39. Telfeian AE, Sastry R, Oyelese A, et al. Awake, transforaminal endoscopic lumbar spine surgery in octogenarians: case series. Pain Physician 2022;25:E255-62.
41. Ruetten S, Komp M, Godolias G. A new full-endoscopic technique for the interlaminar operation of lumbar disc herniations using 6-mm endoscopes: prospective 2-year results of 331 patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2006;49:80-7.
42. McGrath LB, White-Dzuro GA, Hofstetter CP. Comparison of clinical outcomes following minimally invasive or lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression. J Neurosurg Spine 2019 Jan;11:1-9. doi:
10.3171/2018.9.SPINE18689. [Epub].
43. Ruetten S, Komp M, Merk H, et al. Surgical treatment for lumbar lateral recess stenosis with the full-endoscopic interlaminar approach versus conventional microsurgical technique: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Neurosurg Spine 2009;10:476-85.
44. Lee CH, Choi M, Ryu DS, et al. Efficacy and safety of full-endoscopic decompression via interlaminar approach for central or lateral recess spinal stenosis of the lumbar spine: a meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018;43:1756-64.
45. Hua W, Liao Z, Chen C, et al. Clinical outcomes of uniportal and biportal lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective pair-matched case-control study. World Neurosurg 2022;161:e134-45.
46. Heo DH, Lee DC, Park CK. Comparative analysis of three types of minimally invasive decompressive surgery for lumbar central stenosis: biportal endoscopy, uniportal endoscopy, and microsurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2019;46:E9.
50. Heo DH, Park CK. Clinical results of percutaneous biportal endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion with application of enhanced recovery after surgery. Neurosurg Focus 2019;46:E18.
52. Kang MS, You KH, Choi JY, et al. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using the biportal endoscopic techniques versus microscopic tubular technique. Spine J 2021;21:2066-77.
53. Heo DH, Lee DC, Kim HS, et al. Clinical results and complications of endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar degenerative disease: a meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 2021;145:396-404.
54. Ruetten S, Komp M, Merk H, et al. Full-endoscopic cervical posterior foraminotomy for the operation of lateral disc herniations using 5.9-mm endoscopes: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:940-8.
55. Guo L, Wang J, Zhao Z, et al. Microscopic anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical keyhole foraminotomy for single-level unilateral cervical radiculopathy: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Spine Surg 2023;36:59-69.
58. Lin Y, Rao S, Li Y, et al. Posterior percutaneous full-endoscopic cervical laminectomy and decompression for cervical stenosis with myelopathy: a technical note. World Neurosurg 2019 Jan;12:S1878-8750(19)30051-8. doi:
10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.180. [Epub].
65. Lvov I, Grin A, Kordonskiy A, et al. Minimally invasive posterior transarticular stand-alone screw instrumentation of C1-C2 using a transmuscular approach: description of technique, results and comparison with posterior midline exposure. World Neurosurg 2019;128:e796-805.
67. Faciszewski T, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, et al. The surgical and medical perioperative complications of anterior spinal fusion surgery in the thoracic and lumbar spine in adults. A review of 1223 procedures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20:1592-9.
68. Sundaresan N, Shah J, Foley KM, et al. An anterior surgical approach to the upper thoracic vertebrae. J Neurosurg 1984;61:686-90.
69. Choi KY, Eun SS, Lee SH, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic thoracic discectomy; transforaminal approach. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2010;53:25-8.
70. Cheng XK, Chen B. Percutaneous endoscopic thoracic decompression for thoracic spinal stenosis under local anesthesia. World Neurosurg 2020;139:488-94.
71. Shen J, Telfeian AE. Fully endoscopic 360° decompression surgery for thoracic spinal stenosis: technical note and report of 8 cases. Pain Physician 2020;23:E659-63.
74. Mayberg MR, LaPresto E, Cunningham EJ. Image-guided endoscopy: description of technique and potential applications. Neurosurg Focus 2005;19:E10.
77. Habib N, Filardo G, Distefano D, et al. Use of intraoperative CT improves accuracy of spinal navigation during screw fixation in cervico-thoracic region. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021;46:530-7.
78. Cui G, Wang Y, Kao TH, et al. Application of intraoperative computed tomography with or without navigation system in surgical correction of spinal deformity: a preliminary result of 59 consecutive human cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:891-900.
79. Hecht N, Yassin H, Czabanka M, et al. Intraoperative computed tomography versus 3D C-Arm imaging for navigated spinal instrumentation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018;43:370-7.
80. Scarone P, Vincenzo G, Distefano D, et al. Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2018;29:397-406.
81. Fan G, Wang C, Gu X, et al. Trajectory planning and guided punctures with isocentric navigation in posterolateral endoscopic lumbar discectomy. World Neurosurg 2017;103:899-905.e4.
82. Hur JW, Kim JS, Cho DY, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under O-arm navigation system guidance for the treatment of thoracic disk herniations: surgical techniques and early clinical results. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2014;75:415-21.
83. Hahn BS, Park JY. Incorporating new technologies to overcome the limitations of endoscopic spine surgery: navigation, robotics, and visualization. World Neurosurg 2021;145:712-21.
88. Ghaednia H, Fourman MS, Lans A, et al. Augmented and virtual reality in spine surgery, current applications and future potentials. Spine J 2021;21:1617-25.
91. Molina CA, Theodore N, Ahmed AK, et al. Augmented reality-assisted pedicle screw insertion: a cadaveric proof-ofconcept study. J Neurosurg Spine 2019 Mar;29:1-8. doi:
10.3171/2018.12.SPINE181142. [Epub].
92. Zheng C, Li J, Zeng G, et al. Development of a virtual reality preoperative planning system for postlateral endoscopic lumbar discectomy surgery and its clinical application. World Neurosurg 2019;123:e1-8.
95. Heo DH, Kim JY, Park JY, et al. Clinical experiences of 3-dimensional biportal endoscopic spine surgery for lumbar degenerative disease. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2022;22:231-8.