Multiple Intradural Disc Herniations Masquerading as Intradural Extramedullary Tumors: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
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Abstract
Intradural disc herniation is a very rare condition, and multiple intradural disc herniations have not been reported to date. The latter may be confused with intradural extramedullary (IDEM) spinal tumors. Here, we report a case of multiple intradural disc herniations masquerading as multiple IDEM tumors and review the relevant literature. We retrospectively reviewed the patient's medical chart, reviewed the intraoperative microscopic findings, and reviewed of PubMed articles on intradural disc herniation. The masses considered to be IDEM tumors were confirmed to be multiple intradural disc herniations. A nonenhancing mass was found to have migrated along the intra-arachnoid space. Two enhancing masses could not migrate because of adhesion and showed peripheral neovascularization. We report an extremely rare case of multiple intradural lumbar disc herniations showing diverse enhancing patterns and masquerading as multiple IDEM tumors. In case of multiple enhancing IDEM masses suspected preoperatively, surgeons should consider the possibility of intradural disc herniation.
INTRODUCTION
Intradural lumbar disc herniation was first reported in 1942, and more than 100 cases have been reported since61420). In cases of intradural disc herniation, surgeons often find it difficult to distinguish between extrusion disc herniation and intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors12). This confusion can result in failed surgeries or an incorrect diagnosis of an IDEM tumor during surgery. In cases of suspected IDEM tumors, the possibility of intradural disc herniation should be considered if the patient presents with sudden onset back pain and masses located adjacent to a degenerative disc. Multiple masses with different enhancement patterns on magnetic resonance images could also confuse surgeons leading to an incorrect diagnosis214). Here, we describe an extremely rare case of multiple intradural disc herniations masquerading as multiple IDEM tumors.
CASE REPORT
A 43-year-old man presented with lower back pain that radiated laterally to his right thigh that had persisted for 3 months. During the previous 6 years, the patient had undergone 3 lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations and 10 sessions of epidural steroid injection for recurrent back pain. His deep tendon reflexes and peripheral circulation had been normal throughout. The last of the 3 MRI examinations had revealed 3 round intradural masses along the second and third lumbar spine, although there were no specific changes in the disc space compared with the previous magnetic resonance images (Fig. 1A). Two of the masses were homogeneously enhanced, while the third was nonenhanced (Fig. 1C). The nonenhanced mass had moved down within the subarachnoid space, as determined by comparison with the images obtained 7 days previously (Fig. 1B). The preoperative diagnosis was multiple IDEM tumors, possibly schwannoma, and surgery was planned.
Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine. Compared with previous sagittal T2-weighted image (A), follow-up magnetic resonance image shows migration of mass from the L2/3 to L3/4 level (arrow) (B). (C) The main mass shows near complete enhancement.
An L3 partial laminoplastic laminotomy was performed and a durotomy was performed and a durotomy was made, revealing the two enhancing masses. One was a 0.3×0.5-cm yellowish mass located in the dorsal subarachnoid space at the L2-3 disc level and adhered to the cauda equina via vascular proliferation from the nerve roots (Fig. 2A). The second mass was found just inferior to the first (Fig. 2A). Following its separation from the surrounding nerve roots and opening of its capsule-like surface, the mass was removed completely (Fig. 2B, C). A frozen section biopsy confirmed that the mass was composed of degenerated disc material. After careful exploration of the cauda equine, the third mass that was found to be nonenhanced and migrating along the cerebrospinal fluid space on MRI was found at the L2/3 level; it was nonvascular and did not adhere to the cauda equina (Fig. 2D). Following surgery, the patient's back and right leg pain improved. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen showed degenerated fibrocartilage, partial capillary proliferation, interstitial edema, and inflammation in parts of the ventral dura mater.
Intraoperative photographs. (A) After durotomy, 2 masses were found at the L3/4 level. (B, C) The main mass was removed after coagulation and incision of the surface. (D) The mass that was found to have migrated was detected on exploration of the cauda equina.
DISCUSSION
Because of their numerous and various clinical presentations, preoperative diagnosis of intradural disc herniations is very difficult1716). The most commonly associated symptom is acute exacerbation of back pain, although this is not specific for intradural disc herniation. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms of intradural herniations have been postulated. Blikra3) observed anatomic adhesions between the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and dura in a cadaver study. Other studies suggest that previous surgery could increase the risk of intradural herniations519). These findings together with presentation in older age contradict the congenital malformation theory518).
Contrast-enhanced MRI is the gold standard for the diagnosis of intradural disc herniations78); however, as in this case, diagnoses are often made during surgery1113). Despite this, contrast-enhanced MRI is required for the differential diagnosis of spinal IDEM tumors such as schwannomas or meningiomas1117). Rim enhancement is a typical feature of these tumors and is caused by chronic granulation tissue and/or peripheral neovascularization11). In some cases, rim enhancements of the lesion and PLL discontinuity were found on gadoliniumenhanced MRI4).
Computed tomography of intradural discs reveal an increased frequency of air densities in the intradural space913). Dural perforations can also be observed in the discographies4). Myelography is also useful in detecting complete blockage in 71% of cases of intradural disc herniation1). Of note however, similar imaging findings have been noted in cases of other types of disc herniation as well as IDEM tumors110).
Obesity (as in this case); events that rapidly increase intradiscal pressure, such as trauma; history of treatment for lumbar disc disease; and dramatic changes in MRI findings within a short duration are features more likely to be associated with intradural disc herniation than with IDEM tumors15). Although contrast-enhanced MRI is the best modality for diagnosis, in most cases of symptomatic disc herniation, physicians do not have to access to contrast-enhanced MRI. In certain cases of intradural disc herniation, extradural extrusion seems like the most logical diagnosis based on MRI findings4). In this case, if disc material was not found in the extradural space, most surgeons would conclude that the surgical level of the spine was incorrect. If the vertebral surgical level is correct, surgeons should consider the possibility of an intradural disc herniation and, accordingly, intradural exploration should be conducted. However, it is important to check the rupture point of dura matter before intradural exploration13). The anterolateral portion of the dura matter should be inspected because this is a common route for disc migration into the intradural space. If disc material is found, pathological examination should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Unlike in most cases, we used contrast-enhanced MRI to detect 3 masses at different levels with different enhancement patterns. Intradural disc herniation was difficult to diagnose based on this information. However, the change in position of the nonenhancing mass between the last two MRI examinations was an important indicator of a possible intradural disc herniation.
CONCLUSION
We report our experience with an extremely rare case of multiple intradural disc herniations masquerading as multiple IDEM tumors. Even in cases of multiple enhancing IDEM masses diagnosed preoperatively, surgeons should consider the possibility of intradural disc herniation.
Notes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.